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Mass Transport in Animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin?

A

transport of oxygen

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2
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

A
  • globular protein
  • 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha 2 beta)
  • quaternary structure
  • haem group (Fe2+)
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3
Q

Association

A

The loading of oxygen onto a haemoglobin molecule

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4
Q

Dissociation

A

The unloading of oxygen from a haemoglobin molecule

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5
Q

High Affinity

A

Haemoglobin that can load oxygen very easilyHas a shift to the left of the oxygen dissociation curve as it is easier to load and takes less time to become saturated

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6
Q

Low Affinity

A

Haemoglobin that can unload oxygen very easilyHas a shift to the right of the oxygen dissociation curve as it is harder to load and takes more time to become saturated

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7
Q

Positive Cooperativity

A

As oxygen binds to the first haem group, a change in the quaternary structure of the haemoglobin makes association easier for the other oxygen molecules. (other than the final one which rarely associates)

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8
Q

Probability

A

The reason why the fourth haem group isn’t always saturated despite positive cooperativity making the haemoglobin a more ideal quaternary structure for association

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9
Q

Partial Pressure

A

Measuring the concentration of a specific gas within an area where there is a range of molecules

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10
Q

Name three factors affectingoxyhaemoglobin binding.

A
  1. Partial pressure of oxygen.2. Partial pressure of carbondioxide.3. Saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen.
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11
Q

How does partial pressure of oxygenaffect oxygen-haemoglobin binding?

A

As partial pressure of oxygen increases, theaffinity of haemoglobin for oxygen alsoincreases, so oxygen binds tightly tohaemoglobin.

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12
Q

How does partial pressure of carbondioxide affect oxygen-haemoglobin binding?

A

As partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, theconditions become acidic causing haemoglobin tochange shape. The affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen therefore decreases, so oxygen is released from haemoglobin.

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13
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide binding called?

A

Bohr effect

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14
Q

How does saturation of haemoglobinwith oxygen affect oxygen-haemoglobin binding?

A

It is hard for the first oxygen molecule to bind. Onceit does, the haemoglobin molecule changes shape to make it easier for the second and third molecules to bind, known as positive cooperativity. It is then slightly harder for the fourth oxygen molecule to bind because there is a low chance of finding a binding site.

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15
Q

Explain why oxygen binds to haemoglobin in the lungs.

A
  • Partial pressure of oxygen is high.- Low concentration of carbon dioxide in the lungs,so affinity is high.- Positive cooperativity
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16
Q

Explain why oxygen is released fromhaemoglobin in respiring tissues.

A
  • Partial pressure of oxygen is low- High concentration of carbon dioxidein respiring tissues, so affinitydecreases.
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17
Q

How does carbon dioxide affect theposition of an oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Curve shifts to the right because haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen has decreased.

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18
Q

Outline some common features of amammalian circulatory system. (3)

A
  1. Suitable medium for transport, water-based toallow substances to dissolve.2. Means of moving the medium and maintainingpressure throughout the body, such as the heart.3. Means of controlling flow so it remainsunidirectional, such as valves.
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19
Q

Relate the structure of the atria to its function.

A

thin-walled and elastic, so they can stretch when filled with blood

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20
Q

Relate the structure of the ventricles to their function.

A

thick muscular walls pump blood under high pressure. The left ventricle is thicker than the right because it has to pump blood all the way around the body.

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21
Q

Relate the structure of the arteries to their function.

A

Arteries have thick walls to handle high pressurewithout tearing. Are muscular and elastic tocontrol blood flow.

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22
Q

Relate the structure of the veins to their function.

A

Veins have thin walls due to lower pressure, therefore requiring valves to ensure blood doesn’t flow backwards. Have less muscular and elastictissue as they don’t have to control blood flow.

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23
Q

Name some common features of a mammalian circulatory system.

A
  1. Suitable medium for transport, water-based toallow substances to dissolve.2. Means of moving the medium and maintainingpressure throughout the body, such as the heart.3. Means of controlling flow so it remains unidirectional, such as valves.
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24
Q

Why are two pumps (left and right) needed instead of one?

A

To maintain blood pressure around the whole body.

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25
Q

Left Atrium

A

The chamber of the heart that holds oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein

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26
Q

Left Ventricle

A

The chamber of the heart that holds oxygenated blood that is forced in from the atrium

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27
Q

Right Atrium

A

The chamber of the heart that holds deoxygenated blood from both vena cava

28
Q

Right Ventricle

A

The chamber of the heart that holds deoxygenated blood that is forced in from the atrium

29
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

The valves that separate the atria from the ventricles

30
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

The valve that separates the two chambers responsible for oxygenated blood

31
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

The valve that separates the two chambers responsible for deoxygenated blood

32
Q

Semi-Lunar Valves

A

The valves that separate the ventricles from the arteries

33
Q

Aorta

A

The artery that transports blood from the ventricle to the entire body

34
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

The vein that carries oxygenated blood to the heart

35
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

The artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

36
Q

Vena Cava

A

The vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart

37
Q

Diastole

A

Complete relaxation of the heart. This lowers the pressure in the heart which allows for blood to flow into the atria and partially trickle into the ventricles (due to relaxed atrioventricular valves)

38
Q

Atrial Systole

A

The process where the atria contract, this decreases the volume of the atria and increases the blood pressure in the atria, forcing the atrioventricular valves open. This allows blood to flow into the ventricles, where the pressure is lower

39
Q

Ventricular Systole

A

The process where the ventricles contract, this decreases the volume of the ventricles and increases the blood pressure in the ventricles, forcing the semi-lunar valves open. This allows blood to flow into the main arteries, where the pressure is lower

40
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SAN)

A

The electrical impulse that is sent across the atria of the heart, stimulating atrial systole

41
Q

Atrioventricular Node (AVN)

A

The electrical impulse that is sent down the centre of the heart, across the bundle of his and to the purkinje fibres of the heart, stimulating ventricular systole

42
Q

Closing of Valves

A

The process that occurs when there is higher pressure in the ventricles or the arteries to prevent any back flow of blood

43
Q

Myogenic

A

A heart that does not require nerves/ neural input to beat

44
Q

Electrocardiograms (ECG)

A

a medical device that measures the electrical pulse of the heart.

45
Q

Stroke

A

A stroke is where the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off, which can cause brain damage and possibly death.​

46
Q

stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each heart beat.A typical value for an adult at rest is 75 ml.​

47
Q

Depolarisation

A

When the charge in the heart is reversed

48
Q

Polarisation

A

Muscle cells in the heart have a slight electrical charge across their membrane

49
Q

Where is depolarisation initiated?

A

The SAN

50
Q

What does an ECG do?

A

detect changes in polarization in the heart by measuring current at the skin surface.​

51
Q

Artificial pacemakers

A

devices implanted in people whose heart’s electrical conduction system is not working properly.​

52
Q

How does a pacemaker work?

A

Pacemakers monitor the heart’s electrical activity and stimulate the ventricles or atria to contract when necessary.

53
Q

Components of plasma

A

waterproteinsionsnutrientswaste productshormonesgases

54
Q

Features of erythrocytes

A

flattened, biconcave disc shape: ensures large surface area to volume ratio for efficient gas exchange​large amount of haemoglobin: for transporting oxygen​no nucleus or organelles: maximises space for haemoglobin, so more oxygen can be transported ​

55
Q

Fluid in Circulatory System

A

1) Blood2) Tissue fluid3) Lymph

56
Q

Tissue Fluid

A

Fluid filtered out from the blood that bathes tissues and provides cells with substances like food and dissolved gases for exchange

57
Q

osmotic/onconic pressure

A

The tendency of water to move into the blood by osmosis

58
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

This is the pressure exerted by a fluid, e.g. blood

59
Q

At the arteriole end of a capillary:

A

hydrostatic pressure forces water out the capillaries.

60
Q

At the venule end of the capillary:

A

oncotic pressure is higher as there is a lower water potential in the blood so water moves back into the capillaries ​

61
Q

Lymph

A

a colourless/pale yellow fluid similar to tissue fluid but containing fatty acids and less oxygen.​

62
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Not all tissue fluid returns to the capillaries. About 10% remains in the tissues​The excess drains into the lymphatic system, where it forms lymph.​

63
Q

Tissue fluid flows into the lymph system through

A

valves and nodes​These valves are even large enough to allow large protein molecules to pass through​

64
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system

A
  • Lymph capillaries- Lymph nodes- Lymphatic tissue
65
Q

The defence mechanism of the lymph system

A

Lymphocytes build up in lymph nodes when necessary and produce antibodies, which are then passed into the blood.also intercept bacteria and other debris from the lymph, which are ingested by phagocytes found in the nodes.

66
Q

Lymph Vessel

A

The location where excess tissue fluid is drained, this is where tissue fluid is converted into lymph

67
Q

What is transpiration?

A

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