Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mass Transport (pack 8) > Mass transport in animals > Flashcards

Mass transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

how would you classify blood

A

tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which type of cell is involved in the transport of gases

A

red blood cell (erythrocyte)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

red blood cell adaptations

A
  • flexible plasma membrane
  • selectively permeable
  • contains haemoglobin
  • no nucleus
  • bi-concave structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Haemoglobin

A

transport of O 2
has a high affinity for oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what protein structure is haemoglobin?

A

quaternary structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what sort of protein is haemoglobin

A

conjugated protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is haemoglobins prosthetic group

A

Fe 2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Oxygen transport

A

diffuses through the membrane of the red blood cell and combines with the haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
each of the four iron containing haem groups pick up a molecule of oxygen
this HbO 8 is transported to the tissues where O 2 is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

oxygen dissociation curve
what factors need to be kept constant

A

blood volume, temp, pH, time, SA, pressure\, same persons blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

oxygen dissociation curve
what does partial pressure (pp) of gas mean

A

concentration of gas when in mixtures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where in the body will you find high O 2 pp

A

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does carbon dioxide come from

A

cell respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

co-operative nature of oxygen binding

A

haemoglobin changes shape after the first oxygen attaches to the Fe 2+
this exposes the second group and allows faster uptake
repeats with the third and fourth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the bohr effect

A

describes haemoglobin’s lower affinity for oxygen secondary to increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and/or decreased blood pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what effect does the removal of CO 2 have on the pH of the blood at gas exchange surface

A
  • CO 2 is acidic when dissolved in blood so lowers the pH
  • removal means the pH is slightly raised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does the removal of CO 2 affect the shape of haemoglobin

A
  • enables it to load oxygen readily
  • increases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen so it is nit released while being transported in the blood to the tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What effect does CO 2 being produced have on the pH of the blood within the tissues

A
  • CO 2 is acidic solution so pH of blood within tissues is lowered
  • changes the shape of haemoglobin into one with lower affinity for oxygen
    haemoglobin releases its oxygen into the respiring tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

myoglobin

A

found in human muscles
acts as an O 2 store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ODC right or left

A

O 2 conc is low = ODC moves to the left

organism has a high respiration rate = ODC moves to the right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

methods used to transport CO 2

A
  • combined with amine groups in haemoglobin
  • dissolved in plasma
  • transported by red blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why do large organisms need a mass transport system

A
  • the bigger an organism is the lower SA:volume ratio
  • substances needed could not be supplied through exposed external surface
  • many layers of underlying cells- oxygen would be used up getting through
  • waste substances would not be excreted quickly enough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

list the main features of a mas transport system

A
  1. suitable medium to carry substances
  2. medium is moved in bulk over large distances
  3. closed branching system
  4. mechanism to move medium- requires pressure differences in the system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is the transport medium moved in animals

A

through blood vessels and with a pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how is the transport medium moved in plants

A

through xylem and phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

mass flow
movement of substances

A
  • together
  • same speed
  • same direction
  • large distances
  • due to pressure differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

closed circulatory system

A

transport medium is enclosed in blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

open circulatory system

A

one in which there is a mixing of the blood and interstitial to make up the hemolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

double circulatory system

A

when blood passes through the heart twice in one circuit of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

advantages of a double circulatory system

A
  1. oxygenated and deoxygenated blood cannot mix
  2. gas exchange is maximised
  3. separate circuits can operate at different pressures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what blood vessel leaves from the left ventricle

A

aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where does the aorta lead to

A

rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what blood vessel leaves from the right ventricle

A

pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where does the pulmonary artery lead to

A

lungs

34
Q

what blood vessel enters the right atrium

A

vena cava

35
Q

where does the vena cava lead from

A

rest of the body

36
Q

what blood vessel enters the left atrium

A

pulmonary vein

37
Q

where does the pulmonary vein lead from

A

lungs

38
Q

what blood vessels supply the heart with blood

A

coronary arteries

39
Q

what is the name of the blood vessel taking blood away from the kidneys

A

renal vein

40
Q

What is the heart covered on the outside by

A

Epithelial tissue- pericardium

41
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker then that of the right ventricle

A

Left pumps blood all around the body
More forceful contractions needed to produce higher pressure

42
Q

Why are the atria thin walled

A

Blood only needs to be pumped to the ventricules

43
Q

What is the role of the tendons

A

Prevent the atrioventricular valves turning inside out

44
Q

What is the role of the atrioventricular valves

A

Prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria

45
Q

What is the role of semi lunar valves

A

Prevent backflow of blood from aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles

46
Q

Why are the chambers lined with endothelium

A

Reduces friction

47
Q

What type of muscle makes up the walls of the heart

A

Cardiac

48
Q

The cardiac cycle
- one complete heartbeat

A
  1. Diastole
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Ventricular systole
49
Q

What happens to the atrioventricular valves when the pressure in the ventricles is above that of the atria

A

Close

50
Q

What is the purpose of valves in the heart and circulatory system

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

51
Q

Types of valves

A
  • atrioventricular valves
  • semi- lunar valves
  • pocket valves
52
Q

What will happen to the cardiac output if blood enters the circulation from reservoirs in the liver and spleen

A

Increase

53
Q

If the cardiac output increases what will happen to the blood pressure

A

Increase

54
Q

risk factor

A

any variable which increase the likelihood of developing the disease

55
Q

risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease

A
  • smoking
  • high blood pressure
  • blood cholesterol
  • diet
56
Q

structures of arteries and veins

A

both have walls which consist of:
- tough fibrous outer layer
- muscle layer
- elastic layer
- endothelium

57
Q

endothelium

A

smooth so reduces resistance in blood flow

58
Q

elastic and muscle layers

A

thicker in the artery
arteries must withstand greater blood pressure

59
Q

lumen

A

larger in the vein
less resistance to blood flow
helps to get blood back to the heart

60
Q

capillaries structure

A

sing;e layer of squamous endothelial cells lying on a basement membrane
very leaky and therefore allow gas exchange of materials

61
Q

tough fibrous outer layer

A

resists pressure changes

62
Q

muscle layer

A

can contract and control blood flow

63
Q

elastic layer

A

stretch and recoil to help maintain blood pressure

64
Q

endothelium

A

smooth reduces friction
only layer in capillaries capillary wall thin

65
Q

lumen

A

allows blood flow

66
Q

how does smooth muscle in arteriole walls reduce blood flow

A

muscles contract to narrow lumen and restrict blood flow (vasoconstruction)

67
Q

how does elastic tissue even out the pressure throughout the blood vessel

A

stretches when blood pressure is high, so blood pressure is reduced
recoils when blood pressure is low, increasing pressure

68
Q

what role does muscle contraction play in blood movement within veins

A

muscle contracts, vein is squeezed, blood is forced back toward the heart

69
Q

how does the breathing mechanism aid the return of blood yo the heart

A

volume of thoracic cavity increases, pressure decreases, blood flows from higher to slightly lower pressure

70
Q
A
71
Q

blood

A

cells suspended in plasma

72
Q

plasma

A

mostly water 95%
contains dissolved proteins, ions, glucose, O 2 and other substances

73
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of a liquid

74
Q

ultrafiltration

A

small molecules and ions are forced out of the blood capillaries due to high pressure

75
Q

tissue fluid

A

fluid that surrounds the cells of the the body
composition is similar to blood plasma, it lacks proteins and blood cells
supplies nutrients to cells and removes waste products

76
Q

capillary beds are referred to as exchange surfaces
why are they called this

A

exchange of metabolic materials between blood and body cells occurs here

77
Q

why is it that the diameter of the capillary lumen is only slightly wider then the diameter red blood cells

A

reduces diffusion distance as red blood cell in contact with capillary wall
slows down blood flow- more time for diffusion of gases

78
Q

what is the role of lymph vessels

A

collects excess tissue fluid and returns it to the blood blood stream

79
Q

continuous capillaries

A

have uninterrupted endothelium

80
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

have circular pores or fenestrae

Mass Transport (pack 8) (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions