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Biology Topic 3- Exchange surfaces > Mass transport in animals > Flashcards

Mass transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

How does haemoglobin have a quaternary structure

A

Each haemoglobin is made up of 4 polypeptide chains. Therefore it has a quaternary structure as it is made up of more than one polypeptide chain

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2
Q

Why can haemoglobin bind to 4 oxygen molecules

A

Each polypeptide contains a haem group containing Fe2+ which binds one oxygen molecule
So each haemoglobin molecule can bind 4 oxygen molecules

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3
Q

What is the equation that shows how oxygen and haemoglobin combine

A

Oxygen+ Haemoglobin —> oxyhaemoglobin
<—

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4
Q

What does partial pressure of oxygen mean

A

A measure of the concentration of oxygen present in tissues

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5
Q

What does Loading mean (or association)

A

When oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin

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6
Q

What does Unloading mean (or dissociation)

A

When oxygen is released or given up by haemoglobin

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7
Q

What does affinity mean

A

How well the oxygen is binded to the haemoglobin

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8
Q

What does percentage saturation mean

A

The amount of oxygen combined with the haemoglobin

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9
Q

What is the formula for percentage saturation

A

Oxygenated haemoglobin divided by the maximum saturation x 100
No. of binding sites occupied by O2 molecules over maximum number of binding sites x 100

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10
Q

What does oxyhaemoglobin mean

A

Haemoglobin bound to oxygen

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11
Q

What are the features of the loading of oxygen at the lungs

A

High partial pressure of oxygen
Haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
Haemoglobin becomes saturated with oxygen

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12
Q

What are the features of the unloading of oxygen at the lungs

A

Low partial pressure of oxygen
Haemoglobin has a low affinity of oxygen
Haemoglobin becomes less saturated with oxygen

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13
Q

What shape is an oxygen dissociation curve always

A

S shape or Signoid

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14
Q

Why is the oxygen dissociation curve an S shape

A

This is because binding of the first molecule of oxygen to haemoglobin changes the tertiary structure and alters the structure of haemoglobin
This uncovers another haem group for oxygen to bind to
So oxygen molecules will bind more readily to the haemoglobin

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15
Q

Why is it good if the graph has flattened out

A

The haemoglobin will still stay fully saturated

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16
Q

Why is unloading useful on graphs

A

More oxygen is present so aerobic respiration occurs which means more ATP is produced so theres a higher uptake of oxygen. This prevents the onset of anaerobic respiration

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17
Q

What happens to the oxygen dissociation curve when in the presence of carbon

A

It will shift to the right
Because the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is reduced
So at the partial pressure of oxygen found at the tissues haemoglobin is less saturated
Oxygen unloads more readily to be used for aerobic respiration at the tissues
This delays the onset of anaerobic respiration at the tissues so less lactic acid is produced

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18
Q

Why is less lactic acid produced

A

CO2 lowers the pH of the blood alters the tertiary structure of haemoglobin

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18
Q

Why do organisms that possess haemoglobin not live in the same environment

A

As a result have very different amounts of oxygen available to them
Due to the way some organisms bodies work they may require their haemoglobin to be adapted to a higher or lower metabolism

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19
Q

What does metabolism mean

A

Rate of reactions in organisms cells

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20
Q

What have occurred which have resulted in their haemoglobin having differences in the position of dissociation curve

A

Mutations

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21
Q

What people would have a normal level of haemoglobin

A

Found in adult humans and many other species that live on land at sea level

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22
Q

What species have haemoglobin that is higher

A

Found in species that live in environments where the environmental partial pressure of oxygen is low
As there isnt a lot of O2 available in the environment normal haemoglobin would not fully saturate at the gas exchange surface
Instead they have a form of haemoglobin where the dissociation curve is shifted to the left
The haemoglobin will fully saturate at the lower environmental partial pressure of oxygen
Human foetal haemoglobin has a curve similar to this

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23
Q

What species have haemoglobin that is lower

A

This form of haemoglobin has a curve shifted to the right and is characteristic of species that have a high metabolic rate
The curve was much steeper and this means that the haemoglobin will unload its oxygen much faster as the red blood cells pass into the tissue

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24
What happens when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left
Haemoglobin has a higher affinity of oxygen At the partial pressure of oxygen found at the gas exchange surface haemoglobin is more saturated with oxygen So haemoglobin loads oxygen more readily and can be transported to tissues for aerobic respiration
25
Why must foetal haemoglobin have a curve to the left of adult haemoglobin
So that it has a higher affinity than its mothers haemoglobin So oxygen loads onto foetal haemoglobin from the mothers haemoglobin To be used for aerobic respiration
26
What happens when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right
Haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen At the same partial pressure of oxygen found in tissues haemoglobin is less saturated with oxygen So haemoglobin unloads oxygen more readily at tissues for faster aerobic respiration
27
What does the heart contain anatomically
Left ventricle Right ventricle Left atrium Right atrium Vena cava Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Aorta Atrioventricular valve Semilunar valve
28
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall of muscle than the right ventricle
The left ventricle contracts more forcefully to generate a higher blood pressure as it transports blood around the whole body
29
What are the purpose of atrioventricular valves
Prevent the backflow of blood into the atria
30
What are the purpose of semilunar valves
Prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricle
31
What do coronary arteries do
Provide the heart muscle cells with oxygen and glucose for respiration
32
Describe what happens if the coronary arteries become blocked
It will prevent blood flow so less oxygen and glucose will reach the heart so there is a decreased rate of respiration. Cells will die
33
When do valves open
When the pressure before them is higher than the pressure after them
34
When do valves close
When the pressure after them is higher than the pressure before them
35
When do the atrioventricular valves open and close
Opens- Pressure in the atrium is higher than pressure in the atrium Close- Pressure in the ventricles is higher than pressure in the atrium
36
When do the semilunar valves open and close
Opens- Pressure in the ventricle is higher than pressure in the coronary arteries Close- Pressure in the coronary arteries is higher than pressure in the ventricles
37
Explain how the heart muscle and heart valves maintain a one way flow of blood from the left atrium to the aorta
1) Atrium has a higher pressure than the ventricle due to contractions causing the atrioventricular valves to open 2)Ventricle has a higher pressure than the atrium due to contractions causing the atrioventricular valves to close 3)The ventricle has a higher pressure than the aorta causing the semilunar valve to open
38
Explain how the heart muscle and heart valves maintain a one way flow of blood from the left atrium to the aorta
4) Higher pressure in aorta than the ventricle as the heart relaxes causing the semilunar valves to close 5) Muscle contraction causes the increase in pressure
39
What are the features of the atrial systole
Atria contract Ventricle relax Atrioventricular valves open Semilunar valves close Pressure greater in atria than ventricles
40
What are the features of the ventricular systole
Ventricles contract Atria relax Semilunar valves open Atrioventricular valves close Pressure greater in ventricles than atria
41
What are the features of the diastole
No chambers contract All chambers relax Atrioventricular valves open Semi lunar valves close The pressure is greater in the arteries than the ventricles
42
What blood vessels do we need to know
Arteries Veins Capillaries Arterioles Venules
43
What is the cycle that the blood vessels are transported
Heart to aorta to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins to vena cava
44
Why do arteries carry blood under high pressure
Closer to ventricles which pumps blood under high pressure
45
Why do veins carry blood under low pressure
Further away from the ventricles and bring blood back to the heart
46
What do capillaries do
Where nutrients pass into and out of the blood like glucose oxygen and carbon dioxide
47
What do blood vessels contain
A thick wall Elastic tissue and smooth muscle Endothelium Lumen
48
What are the features of arteries
Thick walls which prevent bursting under high pressure Thick muscle layer which contracts and relaxes to regulate blood flow
49
Feature of arteries (2)
Thick elastic tissue- Stretches when ventricles contract and recoil when ventricles relax to maintain blood pressure and smooth out blood flow Smooth endothelium which reduces friction to blood flow
50
What are the features of arterioles
They supply blood to muscles It has a thicker layer of smooth muscle which contracts and relaxes to regulate blood flow Contraction of the muscle restricts blood flow causing vasoconstriction whilst relaxation of muscle causes vasodilation which increases blood flow
51
What are the features of veins
Wide lumen so it reduces resistance to flow under low pressure It contains valves to prevent the backflow of blood under low pressure
52
What are the features of capillaries
One cell thick endothelium layer so short diffusion pathway for the exchange of materials Flattened cells so it provides a short diffusion pathway for exchange of materials
53
What are the features of capillaries (2)
There are many of them so provides a large surface area Narrow lumen so it slows blood flow so more time for diffusion
54
Describe the role of skeletal muscles and valves in the one way flow of blood through a vein carrying blood up the leg
Contraction of skeletal muscle surrounding veins Makes pressure before valve higher than pressure after valve so valve opens to allow blood through Once blood flows through pressure after valve becomes higher than pressure before valve So valves close to prevent backflow
55
What blood does the right side carry
Deoxygenated blood
56
What blood does the left side carry
Oxygenated blood
57
Where is the heart at its high or highest pressures
High pressure- Around pulmonary artery and aorta Highest pressure at left ventricle
58
Where is the heart at its low or lowest pressures
Low- Around pulmonary vein and the vena cava Lowest- Around semilunar valves
59
Why is a double circulation required rather than a single circulation
Blood pumped out of the left ventricle must be at a higher pressure to be transported around the whole body Blood pumped out of the right ventricle must be at a lower pressure in order for blood to become fully oxygenated
60
What blood vessels carry blood away/to the heart
Arteries- away Veins-to
61
Why are the wall of the atria much thinner than the walls of the ventricle
The atria only need to pump blood to the ventricles so do not generate as much pressure as the ventricles which need to generate enough pressure to pump the blood further
62
What is cardiac output
The volume of blood your heart pumps out of the left ventricle each minute
63
What is the equation for cardiac output
Heart rate x stroke volume
64
What are the units of cardiac output
dm3 min-1
65
What are the units for heart rate
beats min-1
66
What are the units for stroke volume
dm3
67

Biology Topic 3- Exchange surfaces (4 decks)

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