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Biology Topic 3- Exchange surfaces > Mass transport in animals > Flashcards

Mass transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

How does haemoglobin have a quaternary structure

A

Each haemoglobin is made up of 4 polypeptide chains. Therefore it has a quaternary structure as it is made up of more than one polypeptide chain

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2
Q

Why can haemoglobin bind to 4 oxygen molecules

A

Each polypeptide contains a haem group containing Fe2+ which binds one oxygen molecule
So each haemoglobin molecule can bind 4 oxygen molecules

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3
Q

What is the equation that shows how oxygen and haemoglobin combine

A

Oxygen+ Haemoglobin —> oxyhaemoglobin
<—

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4
Q

What does partial pressure of oxygen mean

A

A measure of the concentration of oxygen present in tissues

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5
Q

What does Loading mean (or association)

A

When oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin

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6
Q

What does Unloading mean (or dissociation)

A

When oxygen is released or given up by haemoglobin

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7
Q

What does affinity mean

A

How well the oxygen is binded to the haemoglobin

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8
Q

What does percentage saturation mean

A

The amount of oxygen combined with the haemoglobin

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9
Q

What is the formula for percentage saturation

A

Oxygenated haemoglobin divided by the maximum saturation x 100
No. of binding sites occupied by O2 molecules over maximum number of binding sites x 100

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10
Q

What does oxyhaemoglobin mean

A

Haemoglobin bound to oxygen

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11
Q

What are the features of the loading of oxygen at the lungs

A

High partial pressure of oxygen
Haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
Haemoglobin becomes saturated with oxygen

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12
Q

What are the features of the unloading of oxygen at the lungs

A

Low partial pressure of oxygen
Haemoglobin has a low affinity of oxygen
Haemoglobin becomes less saturated with oxygen

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13
Q

What shape is an oxygen dissociation curve always

A

S shape or Signoid

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14
Q

Why is the oxygen dissociation curve an S shape

A

This is because binding of the first molecule of oxygen to haemoglobin changes the tertiary structure and alters the structure of haemoglobin
This uncovers another haem group for oxygen to bind to
So oxygen molecules will bind more readily to the haemoglobin

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15
Q

Why is it good if the graph has flattened out

A

The haemoglobin will still stay fully saturated

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16
Q

Why is unloading useful on graphs

A

More oxygen is present so aerobic respiration occurs which means more ATP is produced so theres a higher uptake of oxygen. This prevents the onset of anaerobic respiration

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17
Q

What happens to the oxygen dissociation curve when in the presence of carbon

A

It will shift to the right
Because the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is reduced
So at the partial pressure of oxygen found at the tissues haemoglobin is less saturated
Oxygen unloads more readily to be used for aerobic respiration at the tissues
This delays the onset of anaerobic respiration at the tissues so less lactic acid is produced

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18
Q

Why is less lactic acid produced

A

CO2 lowers the pH of the blood alters the tertiary structure of haemoglobin

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18
Q

Why do organisms that possess haemoglobin not live in the same environment

A

As a result have very different amounts of oxygen available to them
Due to the way some organisms bodies work they may require their haemoglobin to be adapted to a higher or lower metabolism

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19
Q

What does metabolism mean

A

Rate of reactions in organisms cells

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20
Q

What have occurred which have resulted in their haemoglobin having differences in the position of dissociation curve

A

Mutations

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21
Q

What people would have a normal level of haemoglobin

A

Found in adult humans and many other species that live on land at sea level

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22
Q

What species have haemoglobin that is higher

A

Found in species that live in environments where the environmental partial pressure of oxygen is low
As there isnt a lot of O2 available in the environment normal haemoglobin would not fully saturate at the gas exchange surface
Instead they have a form of haemoglobin where the dissociation curve is shifted to the left
The haemoglobin will fully saturate at the lower environmental partial pressure of oxygen
Human foetal haemoglobin has a curve similar to this

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23
Q

What species have haemoglobin that is lower

A

This form of haemoglobin has a curve shifted to the right and is characteristic of species that have a high metabolic rate
The curve was much steeper and this means that the haemoglobin will unload its oxygen much faster as the red blood cells pass into the tissue

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24
Q

What happens when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left

A

Haemoglobin has a higher affinity of oxygen
At the partial pressure of oxygen found at the gas exchange surface haemoglobin is more saturated with oxygen
So haemoglobin loads oxygen more readily and can be transported to tissues for aerobic respiration

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25
Q

Why must foetal haemoglobin have a curve to the left of adult haemoglobin

A

So that it has a higher affinity than its mothers haemoglobin
So oxygen loads onto foetal haemoglobin from the mothers haemoglobin
To be used for aerobic respiration

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26
Q

What happens when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right

A

Haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen
At the same partial pressure of oxygen found in tissues haemoglobin is less saturated with oxygen
So haemoglobin unloads oxygen more readily at tissues for faster aerobic respiration

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27
Q

What does the heart contain anatomically

A

Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Right atrium
Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
Atrioventricular valve
Semilunar valve

28
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall of muscle than the right ventricle

A

The left ventricle contracts more forcefully to generate a higher blood pressure as it transports blood around the whole body

29
Q

What are the purpose of atrioventricular valves

A

Prevent the backflow of blood into the atria

30
Q

What are the purpose of semilunar valves

A

Prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricle

31
Q

What do coronary arteries do

A

Provide the heart muscle cells with oxygen and glucose for respiration

32
Q

Describe what happens if the coronary arteries become blocked

A

It will prevent blood flow so less oxygen and glucose will reach the heart so there is a decreased rate of respiration. Cells will die

33
Q

When do valves open

A

When the pressure before them is higher than the pressure after them

34
Q

When do valves close

A

When the pressure after them is higher than the pressure before them

35
Q

When do the atrioventricular valves open and close

A

Opens- Pressure in the atrium is higher than pressure in the atrium
Close- Pressure in the ventricles is higher than pressure in the atrium

36
Q

When do the semilunar valves open and close

A

Opens- Pressure in the ventricle is higher than pressure in the coronary arteries
Close- Pressure in the coronary arteries is higher than pressure in the ventricles

37
Q

Explain how the heart muscle and heart valves maintain a one way flow of blood from the left atrium to the aorta

A

1) Atrium has a higher pressure than the ventricle due to contractions causing the atrioventricular valves to open
2)Ventricle has a higher pressure than the atrium due to contractions causing the atrioventricular valves to close
3)The ventricle has a higher pressure than the aorta causing the semilunar valve to open

38
Q

Explain how the heart muscle and heart valves maintain a one way flow of blood from the left atrium to the aorta

A

4) Higher pressure in aorta than the ventricle as the heart relaxes causing the semilunar valves to close
5) Muscle contraction causes the increase in pressure

39
Q

What are the features of the atrial systole

A

Atria contract
Ventricle relax
Atrioventricular valves open
Semilunar valves close
Pressure greater in atria than ventricles

40
Q

What are the features of the ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract
Atria relax
Semilunar valves open
Atrioventricular valves close
Pressure greater in ventricles than atria

41
Q

What are the features of the diastole

A

No chambers contract
All chambers relax
Atrioventricular valves open
Semi lunar valves close
The pressure is greater in the arteries than the ventricles

42
Q

What blood vessels do we need to know

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Arterioles
Venules

43
Q

What is the cycle that the blood vessels are transported

A

Heart to aorta to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins to vena cava

44
Q

Why do arteries carry blood under high pressure

A

Closer to ventricles which pumps blood under high pressure

45
Q

Why do veins carry blood under low pressure

A

Further away from the ventricles and bring blood back to the heart

46
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Where nutrients pass into and out of the blood like glucose oxygen and carbon dioxide

47
Q

What do blood vessels contain

A

A thick wall
Elastic tissue and smooth muscle
Endothelium
Lumen

48
Q

What are the features of arteries

A

Thick walls which prevent bursting under high pressure
Thick muscle layer which contracts and relaxes to regulate blood flow

49
Q

Feature of arteries (2)

A

Thick elastic tissue- Stretches when ventricles contract and recoil when ventricles relax to maintain blood pressure and smooth out blood flow
Smooth endothelium which reduces friction to blood flow

50
Q

What are the features of arterioles

A

They supply blood to muscles
It has a thicker layer of smooth muscle which contracts and relaxes to regulate blood flow
Contraction of the muscle restricts blood flow causing vasoconstriction whilst relaxation of muscle causes vasodilation which increases blood flow

51
Q

What are the features of veins

A

Wide lumen so it reduces resistance to flow under low pressure
It contains valves to prevent the backflow of blood under low pressure

52
Q

What are the features of capillaries

A

One cell thick endothelium layer so short diffusion pathway for the exchange of materials
Flattened cells so it provides a short diffusion pathway for exchange of materials

53
Q

What are the features of capillaries (2)

A

There are many of them so provides a large surface area
Narrow lumen so it slows blood flow so more time for diffusion

54
Q

Describe the role of skeletal muscles and valves in the one way flow of blood through a vein carrying blood up the leg

A

Contraction of skeletal muscle surrounding veins
Makes pressure before valve higher than pressure after valve so valve opens to allow blood through
Once blood flows through pressure after valve becomes higher than pressure before valve
So valves close to prevent backflow

55
Q

What blood does the right side carry

A

Deoxygenated blood

56
Q

What blood does the left side carry

A

Oxygenated blood

57
Q

Where is the heart at its high or highest pressures

A

High pressure- Around pulmonary artery and aorta
Highest pressure at left ventricle

58
Q

Where is the heart at its low or lowest pressures

A

Low- Around pulmonary vein and the vena cava
Lowest- Around semilunar valves

59
Q

Why is a double circulation required rather than a single circulation

A

Blood pumped out of the left ventricle must be at a higher pressure to be transported around the whole body
Blood pumped out of the right ventricle must be at a lower pressure in order for blood to become fully oxygenated

60
Q

What blood vessels carry blood away/to the heart

A

Arteries- away
Veins-to

61
Q

Why are the wall of the atria much thinner than the walls of the ventricle

A

The atria only need to pump blood to the ventricles so do not generate as much pressure as the ventricles which need to generate enough pressure to pump the blood further

62
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood your heart pumps out of the left ventricle each minute

63
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

64
Q

What are the units of cardiac output

A

dm3 min-1

65
Q

What are the units for heart rate

A

beats min-1

66
Q

What are the units for stroke volume

A

dm3

67
Q
A

Biology Topic 3- Exchange surfaces (4 decks)

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