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biology - exchange > mass transport > Flashcards

mass transport Flashcards

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1
Q

how is the left ventricle adapted?

A

has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle, to allow it to contract more powerfully and pump blood all around the body

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2
Q

how are the ventricles adapted compared to the atria?

A

the ventricles have thicker walls to allow them to be able to push blood out of the heart

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3
Q

what to the AV valves do?

A

prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria when the ventricles contract

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4
Q

what do the SL valves do?

A

prevent the backflow of blood back into the heart after the ventricles contract

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5
Q

what blood vessel transports blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

pulmonary artery

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6
Q

what blood vessel transports blood from the lungs to the heart?

A

pulmonary vein

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7
Q

what blood vessel transports blood from the heart to the body?

A

aorta

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8
Q

what blood vessel transports blood from the body to the heart?

A

vena cava

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9
Q

what blood vessel transports blood from the kindeys to the vena cava?

A

renal vein

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10
Q

what blood vessel transports blood from the body to the kindeys?

A

renal arteryh

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11
Q

how are arteries adapted?

A

thick layer of elastic tissue to strectch as the blood is pumped under a high pressure

folded endothelium that allows the artery to strech

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12
Q

how are the veins adapted?

A

larger lumen and thinner layer of elastic tissue as the blood is pumped under a lower pressure

contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood

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13
Q

describe the events of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. ventricles relax and atria contract, volume increases and pressure decreases as blood is pushed into the ventricles
  2. atrai relax and ventricles contract, volume decreases and pressure increases, AV valves open and SL valves close
  3. ventricles relax and atria relax, AV valves close and SL valves close, atrial pressure increases
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14
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

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15
Q

how does a high blood pressure increase the risk of a cardiovascular disease?

A

overweight = high blood pressure = atheroma formation = blood clots = myocardial infarction

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16
Q

how does a high blood cholesterol increase the risk of a cardiovascular disease?

A

diet high in saturated fats = high blood cholesterol = atheroma formation = blood clots = myocardial infarction

17
Q

how does cigarette smoking increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

smoking = carbon monoxide = less oxygen in the blood - less oxygen to tissues = myocardial infarction

smoking = fewer antioxidants = damage to coronary artery walls = atheroma formation = myocardial infarction

18
Q

what is tissue fluid?

A

a liquid containing dissolved oxygen and nutrients which serves as a means of
supplying the tissues with the essential solutes in exchange for waste products such as carbon
dioxide

19
Q

how is hydrostatic pressure created?

A

when blood is pumped along the arteries, into arterioles and
then capillaries

20
Q

what does hydrostatic pressure do?

A

forces blood fluid out of the capillaries

21
Q

how is an atheroma formed?

A

if damage occurs to the endothelium lining of an artery, white blood cells and lipids clump together under the lining
over time, more white blood cells, fatty acids and connective tissue builds up to form a fibrous plaque called an atheroma
the plaque partially blocks the lumen and restricts blood flow which causes blood pressure to increase

22
Q

how is an aneurysm formed?

A

the formation of an atheroma leads to a increase in the pressure in an artery, and may push the inner layers of the artery through the outer layers to form an aneurysm

23
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

the formation of a blood clot

24
Q

how is thrombosis caused?

A

after the formation of an atheroma, the atheroma can burst through the endothelium lining of an artery. this damage will leave a rough surface on the artery wall and platelets and fibrin protein accumulate at the site and form a blood clot

25
Q

what can happen with a blood clot?

A

itt can cause a complete blockage of the artery or can become dislodged and block a blood vessel somewhere else in the body

26
Q

what is a myocardial infarction?

A

a heart attack

27
Q

how is a myocardial infarction caused?

A

if a coronary artery is completely blocked it cuts off all oxygenated blood supply so the heart muscle receives no oxygen

biology - exchange (5 decks)

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