Mass Migration

Question 1

Push Factors

Answer 1

War
Religion
Natural disasters
Poverty
Unemployment
Political Persecution

Question 2

Pull Factors

Answer 2

Religious Toleration
Political Asylum
Economic Prosperity and Growth
Demand for Labour
Positive Attitudes towards Migration

Question 3

Urbanisation and Migration

Answer 3

Dominant form of internal migration
Impoverished rural areas to industrial centres
Speed of urban growth created new problems-housing, social services, health

Question 4

Emigration from Europe

Answer 4

18th and 19th Century 
USA- 32 million European migrants
Argentina- 6 million European migrants
Canada- 5 million European migrants
Brazil- 4.4 million European migrants 
Australia- 2.9 million European migrants
Between 1821-1932

Question 5

Jewish Refugees before 1914

Answer 5

1881- anti-Jewish actions in Russia triggered first mass Jewish migration
1905- Russian Revolution triggers second wave
1881-1920- 250,000 Jews killed because of persecution
1881-1914- 2.5 million Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe
Britain-Alien Act 1905- showed resistance against Jewish migration

Question 6

Belgian Refugees in Birtley, 1914-1918

Answer 6

August 1914- German invasion of Belgium, 250,000 refugees to Britain
Late 1915- National Munitions Factory In Birtley opens, 100s of Belgian refugees move there
Mid-1916- Elisabethville built for Belgian refugees
November 1918- some families return after Armistice, a lot stay

Question 7

Fleeing Nazi Prosecution

Answer 7

1933- discrimination against Jews and political opponents

By 1939- 400,000 Jews fled Germany

Question 8

Refugees and displaced persons after 1945

Answer 8

After WW2 between 11-20 million displaced persons
Mostly Jewish survivors of the Holocaust, Slave Labourers, refugees, POWs
Biggest migration in European history after WW2

Question 9

Forced Migration after 1945

Answer 9

1945-50- forced migration of 12.4 million Germans from Eastern Europe
Significant problems of integrating Germans from the East- social tensions, cultural differences, house, jobs and social services

Question 10

Empire and Migration to Europe

Answer 10

1948- British Nationality Act- gives all citizens of the Empire the right to settle in the UK
1953- 3,000 migrants
1961- 136,000 migrants
Similar developments in other countries

Question 11

Enoch Powell “River of Blood” 1968

Answer 11

1960- backlash against immigration from Commonwealth
Debates against British loss of identity
‘Rivers of Blood’ speech- April 1968, articulated resistance against migration to Britain
First time a major politician spoke out against immigration
‘The black man will have the whip hand over the white man’

Question 12

Economic Boom and Labour Migration

Answer 12

1950s-60s
Shortages in labour in most European countries- Germany, France, Belgium
Recruitment of migrant workers

Question 13

Backlashes against Migration

Answer 13

1970s- economic crisis and rise of mass unemployment (oil price crisis)
Changing attitudes to immigration
Rise of anti-immigrant and far-right movements (neo-Nazis and right-wing populists)