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Early Elizabethan England (1558-88) > Mary, Queen of Scots > Flashcards

Mary, Queen of Scots Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots?

A
  • Daughter of James V of Scotland and Marie de Guise, who was French
  • Became Queen of Scotland in 1542 when she was 6 days old
  • Was a Catholic
  • Lived in France from 1548 to 1561
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2
Q

What was Scotland like in the 1500s?

A
  • Marie de Guise (mother of Mary, Queen of Scots) ruled as regent while Mary was in France
  • Scotland was Catholic
  • In 1559, Scottish Protestant lords took control over Scotland and made the country Protestant
  • France threatened to invade, but Elizabeth sent her own army to force France to back down
  • She did not want to support rebels, but it was a better alternative than having France take over Scotland
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3
Q

Who were Mary Stuart’s 3 husbands?

A

Francis II of France:
- Was King of France for 18 months, but he died and left Mary a widow in 1561
Henry, Lord Darnley:
- Mary’s cousin, which strengthened her claim to the English throne
- They had a son in 1566
- He was violent and an alcoholic, and was murdered
- The main suspect was the Earl of Bothwell
Earl of Bothwell:
- Mary was also suspected in being involved with Darnley’s murder
- This marriage shocked the Scottish government, civil war broke out, and Mary was forced to abdicate in 1567

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4
Q

List 5 reasons why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth.

A
  • Elizabeth remained childless, and Mary was her heir
  • She had support from France
  • Mary was Catholic, and believed to be legitimate by Catholics
  • Mary had married another descendent of Henry VII
  • She had a son, which assured the line of succession
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5
Q

List 5 events that showed what was Mary and Elizabeth’s relationship was like.

A
  • Mary had started displaying the English coat of arms in 1560, which enraged Elizabeth
  • Mary returned to a Protestant Scotland in 1561, so stayed friendly with Elizabeth
  • After the death of her first husband, Elizabeth suggested that Mary married Robert Dudley, one of her favourites, as a way of controlling her
    1567:
  • Elizabeth initially conveyed her sympathy to Mary for the murder of Darnley
  • Elizabeth criticised Mary for marrying the main suspect in her husband’s murder
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6
Q

What happened to Mary after she was forced to abdicate in favour of her son?

A
  • She was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle in Scotland
  • She escaped to England in disguise on a boat in May 1568
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7
Q

List the 3 options that Elizabeth had when Mary came to England.

A
  • As Mary was her cousin and appointed as Queen by God, Elizabeth believed she had a duty to help her
  • Some of Elizabeth’s government thought Mary was too big of a threat, and that Elizabeth should have her killed
  • The Scottish nobles wanted to put Mary on trial, but Elizabeth didn’t want to help subjects against their queen, even though English nobles wanted Elizabeth to appease the Scottish government to keep the northern border secure
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8
Q

What did Elizabeth decide to do with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1568?

A
  • Elizabeth had her kept under house arrest in Carlisle Castle, and then Bolton Castle
  • These location were far from the court, coast and Scotland
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9
Q

Who was Sir Francis Walsingham?

A
  • Elizabeth’s spymaster
  • Worked with William Cecil from 1568
  • Secretary of State from 1573
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10
Q

List 5 tactics Walsingham used.

A
  • Intercepting coded letters and messages
  • Employing a network of spies (including double spies)
  • Capturing Catholic priests and recusants
  • Interrogation and torture
  • Searches and registers (from owners of taverns/inns)
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11
Q

Who was the Duke of Norfolk?

A
  • Most senior English noble
  • Cousin of Elizabeth’s
  • Wealthiest English landowner
  • Catholic sympathiser
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12
Q

How did the Revolt of the Northern Earls/ the Northern Rebellion begin?

A
  • As a court conspiracy
  • The Duke of Norfolk was jealous of William Cecil’s power and felt that his political abilities were underappreciated
  • He wanted to marry Mary as a way of increasing his power and reducing Cecil’s (there were no plans to remove Elizabeth)
  • He had the support of other courtiers, most notably Sir Nicholas Throckmorton and Robert Dudley
  • Dudley was Puritan, but wanted to reduce Cecil’s power
  • He eventually confessed to the Queen and Cecil
  • Norfolk fled court, but was captured and imprisoned
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13
Q

What 4 factors caused the Northern Rebellion?

A
  • Elizabeth had taken land from the nobles involved (the Earl of Northumberland had lost copper mines)
  • She also gave the Council of the North power to govern, rather than the traditional nobility
  • After the Duke of Norfolk’s arrest, there were rumours about an uprising
  • Elizabeth therefore decided to summon the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as they were Catholic, and she suspected them of being disloyal
  • This is what actually caused them to rebel
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14
Q

When was the Northern Rebellion and what happened?

A
  • 1569
  • On the 9th November the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland joined forces
  • Along with a force of 5000 rebels, they heard mass in Durham Cathedral on the 14th November
  • They headed further south and gained land
  • They were hoping for support from Spain and Catholic nobles in Lancashire and Cheshire, but none helped
  • Elizabeth’s government had also made sure to keep major towns in the north (such as York and Berwick) under their control
  • The Earl of Sussex gathered a royal army of 10,000 to stop the earls, which caused them to turn back
  • The Earls escaped into Scotland on 19 December
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15
Q

What 4 things happened as a result of the Northern Rebellion?

A
  • 450 rebels were executed
  • Westmorland escaped abroad
  • Northumberland was handed back over to England and executed in 1572
  • The Privy Council wanted to have Norfolk executed, but Elizabeth refused as he was family, and he was released 9 months later
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16
Q

What aim did the Northern Earls have?

A
  • They wanted Mary Stuart recognised as Elizabeth’s successor
  • For her imprisonment to end
  • Whether they had aims that affected Elizabeth was unknown
17
Q

Who was Roberto Ridolfi?

A
  • An Italian banker from Florence
  • Carried messages between Mary, Queen of Scots and Philip II, the Pope and the Duke of Alva (commander of the Spanish armies in the Netherlands)
18
Q

What was the objective of the Ridolfi plot?

A
  • Invade England and overthrow Elizabeth using the Spanish army in the Netherlands (6000 troops)
  • Make Mary queen and restore Catholicism
  • Marry Mary to the Duke of Norfolk
19
Q

When did the Ridolfi plot take place, and what happened?

A
  • Elizabeth had been excommunicated in 1570
  • In the spring of 1571, Ridolfi met the Duke of Alva in the Netherlands and thought he had his force for an invasion
  • He believed that this would encourage English Catholics to join in
  • He also had the support of the Duke of Norfolk
  • The Duke of Alva wrote to Philip II, and suggested invading once Elizabeth had been overthrown
  • Ridolfi travelled to the Vatican next
  • Elizabeth’s government started to discover the plot, and Norfolk was arrested in September
  • Ridolfi stayed in Paris, and the plot was over
20
Q

What were 4 consequences of the Ridolfi plot?

A
  • The Duke of Norfolk was beheaded in June 1572
  • Ridolfi lived the remainder of his life in wealth in Italy
  • The Spanish ambassador, De Spes, was expelled from England
  • An act was passed stating that anyone who did not believe Elizabeth was the rightful queen was a traitor
21
Q

What event in 1572 increased fears of a Catholic attack?

A
  • St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
  • Mary’s relatives in France had ordered for thousands of Huguenots (French Protestants) to be killed
22
Q

When was the Throckmorton plot and what did it aim to achieve?

A
  • 1583
  • Elizabeth would be murdered
  • Mary would be freed by French forces with financial support from Spain and the Pope
  • She would be made queen, and Catholicism would be restored
23
Q

How did the Throckmorton plot start?

A
  • Francis Throckmorton was a young English Catholic who was in contact with members of the English nobility
  • He also carried letters between Mary, Queen of Scots, the French ambassador and the Spanish ambassador, Mendoza
  • He was put under surveillance by Francis Walsingham in April 1583
  • In June, he was arrested and his house was searched
  • Plans for an invading force and other material that incriminated Catholic nobles was found
24
Q

What happened after Francis Throckmorton’s arrest?

A
  • He was tortured and confessed the entire plan
  • He claimed it had not gone further as the money promised by Philip II hadn’t arrived yet
25
Q

Why was Mary not punished after the Throckmorton plot?

A
  • Although Throckmorton confessed Mary knew of the plot, he later withdrew his statement, saying it was obtained under torture
26
Q

List 5 effects of the Throckmorton plot.

A
  • Throckmorton was executed in July 1584
  • One of the nobles who had been implicated, the Earl of Northumberland (brother to the previous one who was executed) was imprisoned and later committed suicide
  • Mendoza was expelled from England and was the final Spanish ambassador to have lived in England during Elizabeth’s reign
  • Walsingham and other members of Elizabeth’s government became determined to find incriminating evidence on Mary
  • 1584 Bond of Association: anyone who benefitted from Elizabeth’s death would be punished alongside her murderers
27
Q

What happened in 1584 that worried Elizabeth’s government?

A
  • William of Orange (leader of the Dutch Protestant rebels) was assassinated
  • This increased fears that Catholics would assassinate Elizabeth
28
Q

What 3 steps were taken to push Mary into being involved with treasonous activity?

A
  • Mary’s jailer was changed to a strict Puritan, who treated her harshly
  • Spies had been placed in Mary’s household that convinced her it was safe to send and receive letters hidden in beer barrels
  • The letters were intercepted, but allowed to be delivered to let the plot unfold
29
Q

What was the Babington plot, and when did it happen?

A
  • 1586
  • Anthony Babington was a young Catholic who had been page to the Earl of Shrewsbury, who had once been responsible for Mary, Queen of Scots
  • He had carried letters for her in the early 1580s, but in 1586 became involved in more serious plotting
  • Babington wasn’t aware that the plot originated from a Jesuit priest that Elizabeth’s government had under surveillance
  • In July 1586 Babington wrote to Mary about steps that had to be taken to carry out the plot; foreign invasion and assassinating Elizabeth
  • On 17th July 1586, she incriminated herself by agreeing to the plan
30
Q

What were 6 effects of the Babington plot?

A
  • Babington and 2 other conspirators tried to flee, but were caught
  • He and six others were hanged, drawn and quartered in September 1586
  • In October, Mary Stuart was placed on trial at Fotheringhay Castle and found guilty
  • Elizabeth refused to sign her death warrant
  • After being pressured by the Privy Council and Parliament, she signed it, but refused to send it in early February 1587
  • It was sent without her knowledge and Mary was executed on 8th February 1587
  • This made her furious and she imprisoned her secretary for 18 months

Early Elizabethan England (1558-88) (8 decks)

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