Mary I Flashcards
when was Mary I born?
18th February 1516
how many years did Henry and Catherine of Argon marry before Mary was born?
Henry and Catherine of Aragon married 7 years before Mary’s birth
What did Catherine teach Mary?
Catherine made sure Mary did not forget her Spanish routes
Catherine taught Mary Latin and Latin was a masculine subject- to make her fit for ruler ship (masculine role)
Who divorced the couple?
Cranmer
In what year did Henry wish to divorce Catherine to marry Anne?
In 1528, Henry wanted to divorce Catherine and marry Anne
how often did Mary see her mother?
once every 5 years
what happened to Mary when Elizabeth was born?
Mary made servant of baby Elizabeth, declared a bastard
Anne was cruel to Mary but had no sympathy from her father, as she did not agree with his divorce to her mother
When does Catherine of Argon die?
In 1536, (7th January) Catherine of Aragon died- Mary wrote to Charles VI (holy roman emperor and king of Spain) to ask him to help her flee to Spain
Henry wanted Mary to accept her bastardy and her parents divorce- if not she would face a traitor’s death
Mary signed the paper in fear that her friends would be killed
who was Mary to Edward?
Mary was Edward’s godmother
What year was mass made illegal?
Mary became a symbol of resistance to Edward’s religious changes
In 1549- mass = illegal, Mary opposed this. She was allowed to take part in mass in private but didn’t believe it would last
Mary to flee to Catholic Europe
If she left the country she may never return, but if she stayed she feared for her life
What were the 10 aims of Mary?
Restore her legitimacy Convince the old privy chamber of her right to be queen Bolster her security Restore catholic religion Choose Privy councillors Decide how to deal with Northumberland and his supporters Defend Calais and Guises Look after her health Marry Have children
What was Mary’s religious policy and the key people in it?
The Privy Council: made up of Henry and Edward as well as Mary’s own supporters
Paget: Had supported Phillip and was popular with him
Bishop Gardiner: A conservative influence on Mary- until his death in 1555. Supported Courtenay
Cardinal Pole: Mary’s cousin and the Papal legate (link between Rome and England) sent to England to bring it back into the fold. Officially did this on 30th October 1554
Charles V: HRE and cousin of Mary- the main influence behind the marriage and major Catholic
Renard: The ambassador of Charles V- becomes one of Mary’s leading advisors. Interests clearly lie outside of England
Philip II: becomes king of Spain after his father abdicates in October 1555. One of the leading Catholics in Europe
What are the key events of the Wyatt’s rebellion?
Events:
In January 1554 the terms of marriage treaty were announcedby proclamationand the rebels decided to bring the uprising forward, Simon Renard admitted he had heard the plot and Courtenay confessed all he knew, 3/4 of the locations did not raise supporters but in Kent, Wyatt raised 2,500 armed men
Norfolk was sent to stop the rising but had to return to court when his troops were persuaded to join Wyatt’s forces (around another 1000). On 3rd Feb 1554 Wyatt reached the Thames at Southwark but his delay allowed Mary vital time to prepare, she acted decisively, fortifying the city rather than leaving it open to attack, and made speeches to Londoners so they railed around her in a display of loyalty
On 12th Feb Wyatt led his troops to Ludgate, where he was stopped 1/2 a kilometre from the Queen at the Tower, Mary offered to consider their grievances and a pardon for those who went home, again delaying Wyatt as he considered the offer and allowing Mary further time to prepare, and divided the rebel force so that Wyatt was trapped with 300 of his men, and around 40 died in battle before he was forced to surrender and ask for mercy
90 rebels were executed, including Wyatt, though this was hardly a punitive campaign, and unlike her predecessors, she did not send their body parts to various parts of the country as a warning for traitors and rebels
Government response:
A force led by the Duke of Norfolk was sent to deal with Wyatt but this collapsed when Wyatt was helped by 500 government troops deserted to his cause.
Norfolk and what was left of his force retreated to London.
Mary appealed to her citizens for help for her protection. She offered the rebels a negotiation, which in turn stalled their force at Blackheath.
This worked, rebels defeated at Ludgate after 40 were killed and they surrendered after being trapped by the citizens.
Many rebels were treated with leniency
Support
Wyatt was able to gather a force of 3000 men.
Instead of marching straight to London, he laid siege to Cooling Castle.
Mary then had the chance to rally her forces and with a rallying speech at Guildhall she brought the rebellion to an end.
Troops sent to deal with Wyatt actually changed sides crying ‘we are all Englishmen’
who were the key people involved in the Wyatt’s rebellion?
Chief rebel leaders Sir Thomas Wyatt Sir James Croft Sir Peter Carew Henry Grey
What was the issue with the Privy Council in Mary’s reign?
too large, which led to many feuds
It also consisted of both Edward and Henry’s supporters as well as Mary’s- varying opinions due to underlying religious divide also led to feuds
Who was Charles V to Mary?
Her cousin and the Holy Roman Emperor
What were considered the key problems with a female ruler?
- A woman is unable to control faction
- unable to lead an army into battle
- regnant queen was unconventional, typically women became queens because their husbands were kings, not just queens alone
- concern over marriage, some felt if Mary married an Englishman he would dominate the court, but they also feared possible exploitation from a foreign marriage (xenophobia)
What happened during the early months of Mary’s reign?
- Paget restored to the council
- Gardiner and Howard released from the Tower of London
- Mary had a proclamation to restore mass (not law yet)
- Parliament begin to reverse some of Edward’s reforms but not all of them, the exception is the restoration of chantry land as it was too controversial
- Mary had essentially restored to Catholicism without the Pope, just like Henry had
- Mary wanted to marry
Who were Mary’s two marriage contenders?
Prince Phillip II of Spain (foreigner) Edward Courtenay (Englishman)
What were the pro’s of marrying Phillip?
- He was a staunch Catholic and had the same beliefs as Mary
- Politically experienced (Habsburg Alliance- is his family and alliance with them could be quite powerful as they are an empire)
- opens up trading powers
what were the pro’s of marrying Edward?
- had royal roots
- English descent makes him even more popular and likeable
- Catholic
what were the con’s of marrying Phillip?
- he was considered notoriously boring and unimaginative
- Spanish and so people were not fond of him for he was a foreigner
- A chance he could take advantage and England would become a colony of the Spanish empire
- England could become involved in Spanish wars
what were the con’s of marrying Edward?
- he was considered immature and unbalanced
- He was in solitary confinement for 15 years and so was not aware of political issues
- he was arrested at 12 and so had a bad reputation
- he was naïve in world and political affairs
What happened after Mary chose to marry Philip?
- She rose as one possessed and said that god had chosen a husband for her and his name was Philip
- She swore upon the sacrament and stated that if she was forced to marry someone else she would die within 3 months and have no children
- It tore the country apart, led to the Wyatt’s rebellion who wished to place Elizabeth on the throne in place of Mary
- Mary won and placed Elizabeth in the Tower of London
- Leaders including Wyatt were executed
