Mary I Flashcards
1
Q
What were Mary’s religious aims in coming to the throne?
A
- Reinstate traditional Catholic values
- Mother (Catherine of Aragon) had been strict Catholic
2
Q
What did the First Act of Repeal do?
A
- October 1553
- removed religious legislation approved during reign of Edward VI
- Doctrine of Church of England restored to what it had been at death of H8
3
Q
What did the Second Act of Repeal do?
A
- January 1555
- abolished all doctrinal legislation passed since 1529
- This included 1534 Act of Supremacy = Pope reinstated as head of church
- Didn’t include restoration of Church lands / property = too complex and divisive issue
4
Q
What methods did Mary use to reinstate Catholicism?
A
- Gov policy divided into 2 strands: education and persecution
- emphasis on better training and supervision of parish priests
- Bishops instructed to set up local training schools and make regular visits to observe work of priests in their area
- National decrees laid down standards expected from priests
- New editions of Prayer Book and Bible issued
5
Q
What were the burnings?
A
- Protestants who wouldn’t renounce faith burned at stake in local community as warning
- Feb 1555 = executions began, claiming high-ranking victims (Cranmer) as well as ordinary people unable to escape abroad
6
Q
What were the successes of the burnings?
A
- 300 suspected Protestants burned
- Mary’s gov asserting royal community
- Death of Cranmer
7
Q
Why was the burning of Cranmer particularly significant?
A
- In Oxford, 1556
- Had driven introduction of Protestantism in 1533 when became Archbishop of Canterbury through to end of Edward VI’s reign
- Under Mary had accepted that supporting Protestantism was an error but decided to stand by religious convictions
8
Q
What were the failures of the burnings?
A
- Death toll increases = opposition to policy
- Graphic murders = those facing execution public heroes
- Instead of frightening people back to Catholicism, burnings raised questions about what was so powerful and important about Protestantism that people were prepared to die for it
- This picked up by English Protestants who fled abroad = produced propaganda associating Catholicism with intolerance = undermined Mary’s authority
9
Q
How was M’s marriage to Philip arranged?
A
- M considered as possible wife for Charles V
- 1553 = M spoke w/ imperial ambassador and personal friend, Simon Renard, about marrying Charles’ son
- M and Renard worked on marriage alliance without consulting Privy Council
10
Q
Why was there opposition to the royal marriage?
A
- Philip Catholic:
= Protestants feared he’d strengthen Mary’s determination to reverse Reformation - Philip heir to Spanish throne and its empire in Europe and Americas
= Worry he’d use England as tool to further Spanish ambition
= Would have little regard for interests of country - How would France react to England and Spain drawing together closely?
- What would this mean for relations with Scotland?
11
Q
What were the marriage agreements?
A
- Philip called King but had none of powers associated with title
- Philip forbidden from brining foreigners into English government
- Had no claim to throne in event of Mary’s death
12
Q
What was the aim of Wyatt’s rebellion?
A
- Overthrow Queen
- Replace her with Edward Courtenay (great-grandson of fifteenth-century Yorkist King, Edward IV, and only male claimant to throne)
- Courtenay to marry Princess Elizabeth to strengthen his thin connection to Tudor crown
13
Q
How was Wyatt’s rebellion motivated by the marriage?
A
- Despite marriage agreements, still lots of xenophobia in country
- Wyatt feared the gov would be controlled by Spain or by Spanish interests
14
Q
How was Wyatt’s rebellion motivated by religion?
A
- Rebels supported Protestantism
- John Proctor identified religion as cause in book written immediately after
= Book commissioned by government
= put focus on religious discontent to divert attention away from the unpopular marriage
15
Q
How was Wyatt’s rebellion motivated by economic issues?
A
- Kent = cloth industry in decline for a while = economic hardship
- People used situation to air grievances
- Local politics caused instability
- Some gentry families jockeyed for positions of influence in county and at court
