Mary and government

Question 1

Privy council

Answer 1

was utilised for the daily running of government and became far more established

Question 2

1553

Answer 2

Mary expelled Northumberland’s followers from the council, but retained Edward’s experienced administrators like Paget

Question 3

restored members

Answer 3

like Gardiner to the Privy council

the number increased to about 50 members - some think this number helped lead to factional rivalry

Question 4

1555

Answer 4

Philip helped establish an ‘inner’ council of 9 trusted men

was initially criticised and could potentially lead to further conflict and factional rivalries

Question 5

‘inner’ council

Answer 5

set up specialised committees that were able to focus on specialised issues of government; an innovative and effective way to streamline the efficiency of government

Question 6

Simon Renard

Answer 6

Charles V’s ambassador

she often took advice from him, which tended to reduce the importance of the Privy council in policy matters

Question 7

factional rivalry

Answer 7

she could not prevent rivalries between Lord Gardiner and Paget

for example the dispute over Mary’s marriage

Question 8

united front of the council

Answer 8

they tended to maintain a united front

some, like Gardiner, had doubts about the effectiveness of the burnings, but kept these largely to themselves

Question 9

parliament

Answer 9

Oct 1553

voted for the First State of Repeal, repealed all doctrinal legislation passed since 1529

Question 10

parliament and Mary

Answer 10

generally they supported Mary throughout her reign as she posed little threat to the nobility and gentry

Question 11

securing support of parliament

Answer 11

married Philip

full return to Rome

declaration of war against France in alliance with Habsburg Spain

Question 12

trade

Answer 12

her reign saw the continuation of attempts to open new trade routes

her government encouraged trade with Morocco and the Guinea coast

Question 13

merchants

Answer 13

by fostering good relations with Merchants, Mary’s government was able to increase customs rates

Question 14

revenue collections

Answer 14

Mary attempted to make revenue collections more efficient by transferring more money to the exchequer

Question 15

navy

Answer 15

was reorganised and re-equipped

main aim to help [hilip in his war against the French, but the improvement were important in helping Elizabeth defeat Philip 30 years later

Question 16

Problems for Mary

Answer 16

• inherited a kingdom with fundamental religious divisions

- no political experience

Question 17

financial reforms

Answer 17

Penry Williams - were “at least adequate”

Question 18

militia reforms

Answer 18

John Guy - “a landmark in English military organisation”