Markup Languages

Question 1

History

Answer 1

1967: GenCode by William W. Tunnicliffe
1970: TeX by Donald Knuth
1980: SGML by Goldfarb
1991: First publicly available description of HTML
1995: HTML 2
1997: HTML 3 and HTML 4
1998: XML by Jon Bosak
2000: XHTML 1
2014: HTML 5 & XHTML 5

Question 2

Markup Language: where does the term derive from?

Answer 2

Derived from the traditional publishing practice of “marking up” a manuscript.

Question 3

What does a mark up language do ?

Answer 3

Separate content from presentation Text with markup instructions (Tags)

Question 4

Different types of mark up :

Answer 4

• Semantic Markup: Intended Purpose

* Presentational Markup: Intended Styling

Question 5

Representation of Markup Documents

Answer 5

Abstract Syntax Tree

Document Object Model

Question 6

How does a mark up document need to be to be Well-formed?

Answer 6

Opened and subsequently closed, or An empty element, which in that case must be terminated.
Example:
• <b>word</b>
• <i><b>word</b></i>

Question 7

How does a mark up document need to be to be Valid?

Answer 7

Requires a document type declaration

• Defines the grammar

Question 8

HTML elements

Answer 8

defines the
whole document
•  element defines the document body (visible content)
• <h1> element defines heading
• </h1><p> element defines a paragraph
• </p> element
contains meta information about the document
•  element specifies a title for the
document
• HTML elements with no content is empty
element, e.g., <br>

Question 9

What are attributes

Answer 9

All HTML elements can have attributes
Attributes provide
additional information
about an element
Attributes are always
specified in the start tag. Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Question 10

HTML elements:

Answer 10

• Headings
• Paragraphs
• Formatting
• Links
• Images
• Tables
• Lists
• Blocks

Question 11

What are HTML forms used for?

Answer 11

Used to collect user input Declared using tag
• action: declares the action
• target: new tab vs. current window
• method: get or post

Question 12

HTML forms Input elements:

Answer 12

• Text
• Checkbox
• Submit
• Radio
Select
Textarea