MARKING SCHEME PHA 308 – END OF SEM EXAMS Flashcards
- A. Mention four (4) key components necessary for data quality. (2marks)
- A. Four (4) key components necessary for data quality. (1/2 mark each=2marks)
I. data collection
II. data processing
III. data analysis
IV. presentation of data for use
- B. Briefly explain the decision cycle Concept of Health information management process. (2marks)
Slides
B. To explain the decision cycle Concept of Health information management process. (2marks)
(NB- Diagram alone without explanation- 1mark, good explanation of this concept without diagram may attract all the 2marks)
- C. Mention three (3) benefits and three (3) challenges of HMIS in Ghana Health Information system (6marks).
C. Three (3) benefits and three (3) challenges of HMIS in Ghana Health Information system operation (1mark each for mentioning the 3 benefits and 3 challenges of HMIS = 6marks).
Benefits of HMIS
I. Monitoring disease patterns (Trends)
II. Planning of resources (human, financial, material)
III. Prediction of outbreaks and emergency preparedness
IV. Indicators of quality of life
V. International standards (indicators)
VI. Advocacy tool
Challenges of HMIS (any 3 of these – 1mark each = 3marks)
I. HMIS system operation - Parallel systems/Vertical reporting systems
II. HMIS system operation - Multiple data managers and reporting forms
III. Results- Inaccuracies/incompleteness /Untimeliness
IV. Human resource issue - Unskilled staff/Inadequate numbers
V. Technology issue- Computers/Appropriate software
Benefits of HMIS (any 3 of these – 1mark each = 3marks)
I. Monitoring disease patterns (Trends)
II. Planning of resources (human, financial, material)
III. Prediction of outbreaks and emergency preparedness
IV. Indicators of quality of life
V. International standards (indicators)
VI. Advocacy tool
- A. Mention five (5) components and three (3) principles of Quality Assurance Concept in Ghana Health Service. (4marks)
- A. Five (5) components and three (3) principles of Quality Assurance Concept in Ghana Health Service. (1/2 mark each = 4marks)
Components of QA (any 5 of these – ½ mark each)
I. Access to Service
II. Technical competence
III. Equity
IV. Effectiveness
V. Efficiency
VI. Continuity
VII. Safety
VIII. Interpersonal relations
IX. Amenities
Principles of QA (any 3 of these – ½ mark each)
I. Orientated towards meeting the needs and expectations of our clients
II. Focuses on systems and processes
III. Uses data to analyze service delivery
IV. Encourages the use of teams in problem solving and quality improvement
V. Uses effective communication to improve service delivery
- B. Mention three (3) barriers in QA and briefly explain how to overcome those barriers. (6marks).
B. Four (3) barriers in QA and briefly explain how to overcome those barriers.
(1mark each for mention the barrier in QA and 1 mark each for the solution to overcome the barrier = 6marks).
Barriers to QA (any 3 of these – 1 mark each for mentioning the barrier + 1 mark each for the solution)
I. Non-commitment of management to QA
II. Wrong attitude of staff
III. Lack of team work
IV. Poor understanding of the QA concept
V. Poor communication among staff
VI. Fear of Change
VII. Suspicion about comparisons
VIII. Patient views not given adequate attention
IX. Low staff morale
X. Weak supervision
XI. Poor communication among staff
- Briefly discuss 5 key importance of Health Management Information System in The GHS/MOH – 10marks
- A. 5 key importance of Health Management Information System in The GHS/MOH – 10 marks
Importance/Benefits of HMIS (2marks each for explaining any 5 benefits/importance of HMIS = 10marks)
I. Monitoring disease patterns (Trends)
II. Planning of resources (human, financial, material)
III. Prediction of outbreaks and emergency preparedness
IV. Indicators of quality of life
V. International standards (indicators)
VI. Advocacy tool.
- Briefly discuss the governance process of the Ghana Health Care System – 10marks
- The governance process of the Ghana Health Care System – 10marks
(2marks for stating each of the five levels of governance of Health care system in Ghana, stating the key composition of each level and giving at least one (1) core function of each level – 10marks)
Levels of governance of Health care system in Ghana
I. Community level
II. Sub-District level
III. District level
IV. Regional level
V. National level
VI. Ministry of Health level
Community level- Operational level
• Community Based Health Planning and services (CHPS). The Key staff is the Community Health Officer (CHO) operating from the CHPS compound. CHO works closely with the Community volunteer
• Reports to the sub-district leader
• Key function of CHO – home visits.
• CHO Home Visit Package: Maternal Health i.e. ANC, Family Planning, emergency delivery, post-natal, Minor ailments, Health promotion and education, Referrals, Environmental sanitation, Child welfare clinic: Immunization, nutrition, growth monitoring, Follow up including chronic cases compliance on medications and appointments
Sub-District Level- Operational
• The national strategy is Sub-district Health Team(SDHT)
• Composition of the SDHT: Physician Assistant of the Health Centre, Midwife, Public Health nurse, Disease control staff, Health information
• Functions of the SDHT: Supervises the CHO of CHPS, Child welfare: Immunization, Growth monitoring, nutrition, Adolescent reproductive health, Maternal services: delivery, ANC, Family Planning, CHPS referrals.
District Level – monitoring and supervision
• Composition of DHMT: The Leader is the District Director of Health Services (reports administratively to the DCE/MCE (DDHS), Technically to the Regional Director of Health Services (RDHS). Other members include - Public Health Nurse, Nutrition officer, Disease control staff, Health information officer, Accountant.
• Functions of DHMT: Maternal Health Services: ANC, delivery, post-natal, Family Planning, Disease control and surveillance, Child welfare, Growth monitoring, Immunization, nutrition, Co-ordinates clinical services - hospitals, health centers, maternal homes, Health information managements DHIMS2, Supervises SDHTS
Regional level- Supervision/monitoring.
• The operational strategy is the Regional Health Management Team (RHMT). Composition: The leader is the Regional Director of Health Services (RDHS): Reports administratively to the Regional Minister and technically to the Director General of GHS: Supported by Deputy Director Clinical Care, Deputy Director Public Health, Deputy Director administration and support Services, Deputy Director, Pharmaceutical services, Nutritional Officer (Reg.), Disease Control (Reg.), Transport Manager(Reg.), Accountant, (Reg.), Estate Manager
• Functions of the RHMT: Disease Control and Surveillance, Budgeting and Planning, Health Information Management, Co-ordinate clinical care services, Monitoring and supervision of Public health and clinical activities, Co-ordination of Estate and Transport services, Human resource Management, Procurement of Drugs and supplies
National level- strategic level
• Director general of Ghana Health services (DG) is the overall head of the Service. The DG is accountable to the Ghana Health Service Council (9-member committee), and also the technical Advisor to the Minister of Health
• The independence of the GHS is designed primarily to ensure that staffs have a greater degree of managerial flexibility to carry out their responsibilities.
• Directors of the GHS- Clinical Care, Public Health, Administration and support services, Procurement Drugs, stores and Supplies, Human Resource Management, Policy, Planning Monitoring and Evaluation (PPME), Health Education, Family Health, Financial Management, Internal audit.
• Functions: Implement approved national policies for health service delivery in the country, ensure access to health services at the community, sub-district, district and regional levels, Develop technical guidelines to achieve policy standards set by Ministry, Plan, organize and administer comprehensive health services with special emphasis on primary health care, manage and administer health institutions within the service, contract with teaching hospitals for the treatment of referred patients, Technical supervision of the Regional level, health promotion of the people, diseases surveillance, disease prevention and control, manage the assets and properties of the Service to ensure the most effective use of them, perform any other function that is relevant to the promotion, protection and restoration of heath.
Ministry of Health – policy level
• Minister of Health is the Head of the Ministry. He/she is supported by the ff. - Director Policy Planning Monitoring and Evaluation (PPME), Director Human Resources, Director Capital investments, Chief Director (Administrative head).
• Functions: Formulate health policy, set standards and guidelines for service delivery, Mobilize and allocate resources for the Service delivery including resources to all health care delivery agencies under the Ministry, Monitoring and evaluation of health delivery, Provide strategic direction for health delivery services, Set standards for the delivery of health care in the country, Provide strategic direction for health delivery services, monitor and evaluate the health service delivery by the Ghana Health Service (GHS) and the Teaching Hospitals, other Agencies, Development Partners and the Private sector.
