Marketing Flashcards
What is market segmentation?
Splitting customers into groups then marketing a product or service specifically to those groups
What are some examples of market segments? (6)
Age, Gender, Location, Socio-economic grouping, Religion,
Lifestyle
Identify 2 market segments that an organisation could target
Age + Location
Give 2 methods an organisation could use to segment a market
Lifestyle + Health conscious
What are the benefits of target marketing?(4)
-Tailoring of products to meet the needs of particular groups of consumers. If a product meets the needs of a consumer, sales will increase.
-Sale of products in the most appropriate places to reach the chosen target audiences. This can maximise sales.
-Pricing will be set to reflect what a target market will be willing to pay for a product or service. This can maximise profits.
-Customers will become loyal to the brand
What is field research?
Field research gathers primary information that is first-hand information. It has been collected by the business for a specific purpose.
What are some examples of field research?(7)
face-to-face interview
postal survey
focus group
hall test
telephone interview
online survey
observation
What is desk research?
Desk research gathers secondary information that is second hand information. It has been collected for a different purpose.
What does market research tell the business?
Information about competitors, Effective promotion methods to use, The effect of price on the market, customer feedback
What are some examples of desk research?(5)
Sales figures
Newspapers
Websites
Government publications e.g. the Census
Commercial publications e.g. Keynote and Mintel reports
What are the advantages of field research?
-Competitive edge: only the business has access to the findings
-Up to date: the business will know the date it was carried out
-Accurate: Collected for the specific purpose for the business
What are the disadvantages of field research?
-Expensive to carry out: the business has to create surveys, train employees to carry out interviews
-Time consuming
What are some advantages of a hall test?
Can see respondents reactions first hand
Can ask respondents further questions
What are some advantages of a telephone interview?
Can reach a large geographical area
Inexpensive
What are some advantages of an online survey?
Can send it to a large sample size
You can get feedback quickly
What are some advantages of a focus group?
Can gain information from respondents body language, facial expressions, tone
Can explore topics in depth
What are some advantages of a face-to-face interview?
Two way communication
Can clarify any misunderstandings
What are some advantages of a postal survey?
Inexpensive
Can target specific postcodes
What are some advantages of an observation?
Can see real life behaviours in action
What are some disadvantages of a hall test?
The respondent may feel obliged to give a positive response
What are some disadvantages of a telephone interview?
Could have a low response rate as customers see it as a “nuisance call”
What are some disadvantages of an online survey?
Limited to people with internet access
What are some disadvantages of a focus group?
This data is harder to analyse
Can be expensive to pay respondents to participate
What are some disadvantages of a face-to-face interview?
Can be expensive
Business needs to train staff how to interview
What are some disadvantages of a postal survey?
Low response rate as seen as junk mail
What are some disadvantages of an observation interview?
Analysis of the observation could be biased
What are the 4 Ps in the marketing mix?
Product, Price, Place, Promotion
What is the definiton of product?
A good or a service that is sold to customers or other businesses. This includes the after-sales service and packaging.
A product should have a USP (Unique Selling Point).
What is the definition of price?
This is what customers pay in order to obtain the product.
What is the definition of place?
This is the process by which the product reaches the market and consumers.
(This includes where the consumer purchases a product from the business. This can be in a physical location, through a website or an app. It also includes how the product is distributed.)
What is the definition of promotion.
How a business sells their product to customers and other businesses.
What is a USP?
What makes your business different to competitors
Why is it important to have a USP?(4)
-Helps the brand stand out from competitors
-Customers may be attracted to your company because of the USP
-Use they it as a promotional tool in promotional campaigns
-Charge a higher price
Be able to draw a diagram of the product lifecycle.
Practise
What are the four stages of the product lifecycle?
Introduction, Growth, Maturity + Decline
Describe the introduction stage of the product lifecycle.
This is when the product has just been launched in the market and sales are slow. No profit is made yet due to still covering advertising costs.
Describe the growth stage of the product lifecycle.
This is when sales begin to rise as more customers become aware of the product. The business may begin to make profit at this stage.
Describe the maturity stage of the product lifecycle.
This is when sales and profit are at their peak in this stage as the product is now well known. This means less advertising is needed now.
Describe the decline stage of the product lifecycle.
This is when sales and profit begin to fall because newer products are entering the market
What are the advantages of branding?
-Can save money on marketing once the brand is a household name
-Higher price can be charged
-Easier to launch new products
-Customer loyalty
What are the disadvantages of branding?
-Fakes can appear- expensive to fight
-One product can affect whole brand image
-High initial costs
What does the term ‘own brand’ mean?
Large retailers sell branded goods under their own name or own brand names. Their products can be cheaper than branded goods and are of a similar quality e.g. Tesco Value.
What is it important for packaging to be?
Biodegradable, Reusable, Recyclable, Organic, Minimum
What is an advantage of packaging?
-It provides protection during transportation, customer appeal and recognition
-helps to keep goods fresh
-provides easy recognition of a product/brand
-creates opportunities for promotion/advertising
-provides legally required information
-provides information on it such as nutritional values/traffic
lighting
-Provides customer appeal
What is a disadvantage of packaging?
-Businesses are legally required to print information on it such as ingredients and weight.
-the cost of producing packaging will reduce profit
-Negative environmental impact
What are the benefits of a business having a strong brand?(6)
-Brand loyalty which means you are guaranteed returning customers
-Brand recognition so less advertising required
-Gives an illusion/image of quality which means higher prices can be charged
-Easier to launch new products due to customers being familiar with the brand
Outline the stages of product development.
-Carry out market research.
-Generate the idea.
-Analyse the idea.
-Produce a prototype.
-Test the product.
-Adjust the product based on tests and feedback.
-Change the packaging.
-Produce the product.
-Decide on the advertising and promotions/advertise so
consumers know it is available.
What must price do?
Cover costs and Not be too high for the target market
What are some factors to consider when setting the price?(7)
Competition, Quality of Raw Materials, Image, Production Cost, Profit per Unit, the economy, demand
Why does a business have to consider competition when setting the price?
A business can follow the lead of its competitors when it comes to pricing or adopt its own pricing strategy e.g. lower the price compared to competitors.
Why does a business have to consider raw materials when setting the price?
The price should reflect the quality of the raw materials used e.g. higher price for a meal made with fresh local ingredients
Why does a business have to consider image when setting the price?
The price will affect a customer’s perception of a product e.g. high prices are associated with luxury brands
Why does a business have to consider production cost when setting the price?
The price should be higher than the cost to make the product
Why does a business have to consider profit per unit when setting the price?
The business must consider how much profit they want to make on each product e.g. 50% markup
Why does a business have to consider the economy when setting the price?
If there is a recession customers have less money to spend so the price may need to be lowered
Why does a business have to consider demand when setting the price?
If there is high demand for the product then the price can
be increased e.g. BBQs becoming more expensive in the summer
months
What is premium pricing?
The price is set higher than competitors to achieve the image of quality
What is low/economy pricing?
The price is set lower than competitors to be the cheaper alternative
What is competitive pricing?
Businesses charge the same price as their competitors then compete on factors other than price
What is promotional pricing?
Price is reduced for a short period of time
What is price discrimination?
A business charges different prices for the same product or service at different times of the day/ year e.g. off-peak
What is price skimming?
A new product enters the market at a high price then lowers over time
What is penetration pricing?
The price is set low when entering the market then rises once the product has become popular with customers. Used in a market with lots of competitors.
What is cost plus pricing?
This is a strategy used to set the price. The cost to make the product is calculated then a % of profit added to create the price.