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econ > market failure > Flashcards

market failure Flashcards

1
Q

neg pro ext: indirect tax short run

A

cost of production increase

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2
Q

neg pro ext: indirect tax long run

A

incentives for producers to use less polluting or non-polluting energy sources

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3
Q

neg pro ext: indirect tax adv [4]

A
  1. immediate effect
  2. tax revenue collected
  3. reduce monitoring cost (vs gov regulation)
  4. externality internalised
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4
Q

neg pro ext indirect tax disadv [4]

A
  1. not effective to decrease market quantity under price inelastic demand
  2. increase income disparity
  3. technical difficulties in calculating tax
  4. might increase tax evasion
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5
Q

neg pro ext indirect tax diff stakeholders [5]

A
  1. from consumer pov
    - loss
    • price paid is higher market quantity
  2. producer
    - short run- price received PP and market quantity decrease
    • total revenue decrease
    • ps decrease area
      - long run
    • incentive to improve: reduce the cost, improve technology or diversify production
    • renewable energy
    • increase long run competitiveness
  3. government
    - increase tax revenue
  4. workers
    - demand decrease → W decrease and decrease employment
  5. society- good
    - improve allocative efficiency
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6
Q

neg pro ext tradable permits short run

A

the higher cost from trade permits will increase the MPC

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7
Q

neg pro ext tradable permits long run

A
  • gives incentives to producers to switch to less polluting resource
  • MSC decreases
  • lower cost of production
  • earning extra by selling the extra permits
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8
Q

neg pro ext tradable permits adv [4]

A
  1. immediate effect
  2. incentive to firms
  3. no monitoring cost (vs gov regulation)
  4. externality internalised
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9
Q

neg pro ext tradable permits disadv [3]

A
  1. not effective to decrease market quantity under price inelastic
  2. increase income disparity
  3. administrative procedure and cost to arrange the system
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10
Q

neg pro ext gov reg adv [4]

A
  1. no technical difficulties
  2. effective to reduce the market quantity even under price inelastic demand
  3. less cost
    - comparatively to subsidy (consumption only)
    ———
    pos con ext
  4. increase income equality
    • everyone pay same
    • poor and rich face the same price reduction
    • it takes higher percentage of the income of the poor than the rich
    • poor benefit relatively more than the rich
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11
Q

neg pro ext gov reg disadv [5]

A
  1. additional cost to enforce + no tax revenue
  2. design of legislation is time consuming
  3. black market and illegal trading
  4. ## political constraintspos pro ext
  5. increase income disparity
    - face same increase in price
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12
Q

neg pro ext education adv [five]

A
  1. long term habit change
  2. no technical difficulties
  3. effective to reduce the market when ped inelastic
  4. increase income equality
  5. producer revenue based on consumer demand
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13
Q

neg pro ext education disadv [4]

A
  1. takes long time to achieve effect
  2. increase gov expenditure
  3. ## consumers being ignorantpos con ext
  4. increase income inequality
    - unequal access to education
    - reinforcing systematic biases
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14
Q

neg pro ext ad adv [6]

A
  1. producer revenue based on consumer demand
  2. comparatively less cost used
  3. avoid the technical difficulties in taxations
  4. effective to reduce the market quantity even under price inelastic demand
  5. increase income equality
  6. long term habit change
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15
Q

neg pro ext ad disadv [4]

A
  1. consumers being ignorant
  2. takes time to amend in the long term
  3. increase government expenditure + no tax revenue
  4. producers lose: decrease in total revenue + production surplus
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16
Q

pos pro ext subsidy adv [3]

A
  1. immediate effect
  2. increase the income equality
    - poor and rich face the same price increase
  3. no monitoring cost
17
Q

pos pro ext subsidy disadv [three]

A
  1. not effective to increase the market quantity under price inelastic demand
  2. increase government expense
  3. technical difficulties
18
Q

pos pro ext direct provision adv [two]

A
  1. effective under price inelastic demand
  2. improve income equality
19
Q

pos pro ext direct provision disadv [2]

A
  1. time consuming
  2. increase gov expense
20
Q

neg con ext indirect tax stakeholder perspectives [5]

A
  1. consumer
    short run: loss
    - market price increase quantity decrease
    - consumer surplus decrease
    long run: gain
    - improve health
    - improve productivity → high income
    - beneficial
  2. producer
    short run: loss
    - price received PP and market quantity decrease
    • total revenue and producer surplus decrease
      long run: gain
    • incentive to improve: reduce the cost, improve technology or diversify production
    • renewable energy
    • increase long run competitiveness
  3. government- increase tax revenue
  4. workers
    - demand decrease → W decrease and decrease employment
  5. society- good
    - improve allocative efficiency
21
Q

public good- direct provision pros [2]

A
  1. government sole decision
  2. enjoy economies of scale
22
Q

public good- direct provision cons [three]

A
  1. not profit orientated
  2. increase government budget pressure
  3. technical difficulties
23
Q

contracting production to private sector with protection from the government pros [4]

A
  1. increase innovation and quality of goods and services under competition
  2. less cost
  3. more advanced technology
  4. flexible
24
Q

contracting production to private sector with protection from the government cons [3]

A
  1. if competition is on cost -> cut cost
  2. no accountability form government
  3. government having less control over quantity of goods provided
25
Q

indirect tax vs

A

gov reg

26
Q

carbon tax vs

A

gov reg

27
Q

tradable permits vs

A

gov reg

28
Q

education vs

A

indirect tax

29
Q

can compare [6]

A
  1. speed
  2. gov budget
  3. ped
  4. income disparity
  5. technical difficulties
  6. monitoring cost
    sipping grape pop in the market
30
Q

subsidy vs

A

gov reg

31
Q

public goods: consider [2]

A

quality of goods, gov budget deficit

32
Q

under what situation gov should provide public goods [3]

A
  1. budget pressure is small
  2. quality requirement of good is low
  3. government cannot help private firm to define private property rights
33
Q

negative and positive externalities because of

A

self interest

34
Q

demerit and merit goods because of

A

information failure

35
Q

merit public goods

A

free rider and non-profitable

36
Q

common pool resources

A

self interest (tragedy of the commons)

econ (6 decks)

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