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Marine Mammalogy > Marine Mammal Diversity > Flashcards

Marine Mammal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 main features of marine mammals

A

Warm blooded breathe oxygen, internal reproduction, live birth and lactation

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2
Q

There are some similarities of marine mammals with terrestrial mammals

A

Prolonged parental care, complex social structures, large brains, advanced cognitive ability, range of habitats, ecologically dominant in many habitats, echo location, similar metabolic rate for body mass

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3
Q

What are some of the main differences between Marine and terrestrial mammals

A

Only one young at a time, young are quite large, primary use of vocalizations for communication, streamlined bodies, breath holding ability/cardiovascular system unique, diving reflexes, Lil herbivory, rarely territorial

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4
Q

What are the three living orders of marine mammals

A

Order Carnivora, order cetacean, order sirenia

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5
Q

One order of marine mammals includes the pinnipeds the sea otters in the polar bears as well as other marine mammals

A

Carnivora

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6
Q

What family do polar bears belong to of order Carnivora

A

Ursidae

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7
Q

What marine mammals are from family mustelidae or order carnivora

A

Sea otters

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8
Q

What mammal has the dentist for Lynn feeds mostly on benthic invertebrates

A

Sea otters

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9
Q

What are the three families under Class pinnipedia

A

Otariidae - sea lions
Phocidae - true seals, earless
Odobenidae - walruses

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10
Q

What are some of the main differences between the pinniped families

A

Scapula - otar + odo enlarged for walking on all 4s + rotate limbs
Pelvic bnoe - otar + odo cn rotate for walking
Lumbar vertebrae - enhanced in phocids for hind limb propulsions

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11
Q

What has thick skin blubber found in cold northern waters that are shallow, is a very good swimmer, it’s been taking invertebrates, has a big muscle mass on the four limbs (enlarged scapula) and has tusks

A

Odobenidae - walruses

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12
Q

What are the eared seals

A

Otariids - seal lions and fur seals

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13
Q

What seals have a large for flipper and uses their hind flippers for steering

A

Otariids - sea lions and fur seals

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14
Q

Give examples of phocids

A

Elephant and grey seals

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15
Q

Give a general description of the body form of an elephant and gray seal

A

Swim with hind flipper
Small pectoral flipper/fore flippers
No ears
Dont have fur they have HAIR

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16
Q

What order do manatees + dugongs belong to

A

Sirenia

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17
Q

What a key body feature of the sirenians

A

Specialized head that is turned downwards

Good for eating seagrass

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18
Q

What are the two sub orders and the one extinct sub order of order cetaceans

A

Mysteceti
Odontoceti
Archaeoceti

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19
Q

When did the major radiation of septations moving from rivers to the oceans

A

Eocene

20
Q

When did odontocetes and mysticetes split

A

Oligocene

21
Q

When did modern dolpins and modern cetaceans radiate

A

Miocene

22
Q

What did whales evolve from

A

Hippos

23
Q

What adaptation did whales have to evolve for the oceans

A

More streamlined bodies for swimming, blubber for the cold water, obtaining freshwater with the dozens of kidneys they have to extract water from the food they eat

24
Q

How do whales get freshwater

A

Dozens of kidneys to extract water from food

25
Q

What are the two major adaptations for efficient swimming and breathing in modern cetaceans

A 
Telescope skull (nasal drift)
Fixed elbow joint for steering
26
Q

Give examples lf mysticete whales

A

Blue whales, humpbacks, sei, minke, right, gray, bowhead, fin

27
Q

Features of mysticetes

A

2 blowholes

No teeth

28
Q

Examples of odontocetes

A

Orcas, sperm, pilot, porpoises dolphins narwhals, beligas, beaked whales (cuviers)

29
Q

How many blowholes do odontocetes have

A

1

30
Q

What are the three sides of the life history parameter pyramid

A

Survival, growth, reproduction

31
Q

Why do citations usually only have one offspring

A

More likely to survive, mother puts all of the energy into the survival of that one young, larger birth size less likely to be prayed on

32
Q

Why do cetaceans want to have larger babies and what is the downside to this

A

Safety, thermal regulation,

Downside is thatgreater buoyancy Is bigger because you have more blubber and fat more susceptible to predators

33
Q

Is lactation and cetaceans longer or shorter than other animals

A

Usually longer except in apes

34
Q

Why do mysticetes have 6 month lactation?

A

Annual cycles

Timed with feeding and breeding seasons

35
Q

Why do porpoises have a lactation of 10 months

A

Always having babies

Either lactating or pregnant that is just the fate of a the female porpoise

36
Q

Is there paternal care in killer whales and sperm whales? What about baleen whales

A

Killer whales, sperm whales yes

Baleen whales no

37
Q

And female reproduction of odontocetes, why does reproductive success usually increase with the size of the mother

A

Better to have young when Mother is bigger and healthier, gives time to delay reproduction

38
Q

Mystcetes are reproductively active before odontocetes usually… why is this

A

Mysticetes are usually pretty big / grow faster - big enough to start having younf

39
Q

Odontocetes will have a variable inter birth interval that usually depends on size of the mother, increases with size, whereas mysticetes are every 2-3 years… why

A

They have low predation risk so they have low birth rates, they can take their time to have young

40
Q

Right wheels usually have babies every 2 to 3 years however in the last few years the interval has increased and it now takes 4 to 6 years to see a new young… Why is this happening? The age of maturity is now longer to

A

Reproductively stressed
There is something stressing the female so they can’t recover fast enough
High level of abortion in right whales
Whales are not healthy enough to carry the babies to term

41
Q

What is senescence

A

Reproduce throughout their lifetime

42
Q

What mammals go through menopause

A

Humans, sperm whales, killer whales, short finned pilot whales

43
Q

Why do grandma cetaceans usually stay around Even though they aren’t reproductively Active

A

Aloe parental care, they can babysit while Mother’s dive, adult with decades of information about feeding grounds, predators… This idea of culture and cetaceans

44
Q

Why do cetaceans live so long

A

No predation, actuations and resources

Example bowhead whales in the Arctic are only hunted by humans and that’s their only predator

45
Q

Give a general idea of mysticetes

A

Abundant seasonal food
Seasonal cycles
Fast growth, short gestation + lactation

46
Q

Summarize small odontocetes

A

Safety of calf and mother area for concern

Mature young, short lives, lots of babies (porpoises

47
Q

Summarize large odontocetes

A

Safe from predation
Long term social bonds
K-selected - body maturation, gestation,lactation, longevity, menopause

Marine Mammalogy (2 decks)

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