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ocean exam 3 > marine life > Flashcards

marine life Flashcards

1
Q

Three basic types:

A

floating, swimming, & bottom-dwelling.

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2
Q

PLANKTON

A

-Floaters or weak swimmers. -Carried by currents.
-Include bacteria, gelatinous plankton, phytoplankton, &
zooplankton.
-Level at which they float is important & may be
controlled by organism using air or fatty tissue.

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3
Q

PHYTOPLANKTON

A

-Single-celled plants.
-Most important autotrophs.

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4
Q

Size 3 main divisions of Phytoplankton

A

Ultraplankton, Nannoplankton, & Microplankton

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5
Q

Ultraplankton

A

<0.005 mm. So tiny

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6
Q

Nannoplankton

A

~0.05 mm.
-Very common.
-Medium size.
-May be up to 80% of biomass in some areas.

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7
Q

Microplankton

A

0.7-1.0 mm.

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8
Q

Common Types og phytoplankton:

A

Diatoms “Net” plankton, Coccolithophores, Silicoflagellates, & Dinoflagellates

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9
Q

Diatoms “Net” plankton

A

-most often caught in sampling nets used by biologists.
- Siliceous (SiO2) shells which contribute significantly
to ocean sediments.
- Often linked in chains.
- Reproduce very rapidly; some in less than a day.
- Form RESTING SPORES in unfavorable conditions. These may remain viable for years until conditions improve.

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10
Q

Coccolithophores

A

Algae with shells made of calcareous
(CaCO3) rings or disks (coccoliths). Swim using
flagellae.

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11
Q

Silicoflagellates

A

Flagellates w/ siliceous shells.

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12
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Heterotrophic/autotrophic combinations.
-Produce food by photosynthesis AND consume other organisms.

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13
Q

ZOOPLANKTON

A

Tiny animals. Make up lower trophic levels of food web. Feed on other small plankton.
- Limited by: - supply of appropriately-sized food
- water temperature - Most capture whatever
floats by using protruding cilia, but some can propel
themselves in limited manner to pursue food.

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14
Q

Holoplankton

A

Spend entire life cycle as floating plankton.

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15
Q

Protozoans Single-celled holoplankton.

A
  • Foraminifera Present everywhere (all depths). CaCO3 shells.
  • Radiolaria Live mostly below 200 m. Mostly SiO2
    shells.
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16
Q

Crustacea Multi-celled.

A

Most common type- ~70% of all zooplankton. Segmented bodies w/ chitinous (cellulose- like carbohydrate w/ Ni in structure) exoskeletons.
- Copepods Shrimplike crustaceans <10 mm. long. May be most common herbivore on Earth.
- Euphasids Larger shrimp-like crustacea. Includes KRILL
which is staple food for several types of whales.

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17
Q

Pteropoda

A

Floating/swimming snails.

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18
Q

Meroplankton

A

Pass through planktonic stage during life cycle. Includes many worms & fish.

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19
Q

GELATINOUS PLANKTON

A

Medusae & Jellyfish, Siphonophores, & Ctenophores

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20
Q

Medusae & Jellyfish

A

Basically a digestive cavity w/ mouth surrounded by stinging tentacles

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21
Q

Siphonophores

A

Colonies of individual polyps, each of which has a specialized function w/in the colony: food capture, digestion, floatation, reproduction, etc.
Portugese Man-of War.

22
Q

Ctenophores

A

Gelatinous organisms w/ tentacles. Feed on crustacea & fish. Jellyfish-like. Adhesive tentacles. Male and female

23
Q

FEEDING

A

Most plankton are suspension feeders, removing food particles from surrounding water by straining it w/ sticky fibers or cilia. Many appear to be able to sense appropriate food nearby.

24
Q

the two types of REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES

A

Opportunistic/saturation and Slow-growing/Nurturing

25
Q

Opportunistic/saturation

A

In areas of abundant resources. Produce large number of small offspring. Easy prey- many die, but some survive.

26
Q

Slow-growing/Nurturing

A

In areas of limited resources,
produce few large offspring w/ fewer potential predators & better able to defend themselves. May also be defended by adults.

27
Q

PLANKTON DISTRIBUTION Patchy distribution due to limiting factors:

A

1) REPRODUCTION Large groups exist, at least temporarily, where reproduction occurs (where eggs hatch).
2) CURRENTS Since plankton at mercy of currents, may be concentrated or disbursed by this mechanism.
3) NUTRIENTS Must be sufficient to support.
4) TEMPERATURE Range for each group.

28
Q

BIOLOGICAL PROVINCES

A

-Oceans divided into areas of
characteristic ranges of these limiting factors.
-Controlled largely by surface currents/gyres.
-Phytoplankton are generally more adaptable & can exist almost anywhere, but
zooplankton is more environmentally sensitive.

29
Q

NEKTON

A

Larger animals which swim well enough to control their location independently of currents.

30
Q

nekton characteristic SWIMMING

A

1) Must be efficient enough to overcome currents.
Best adapted are streamlined to reduce drag w/ water & have efficient propulsion system (fins, water jets, etc.).

31
Q

nekton characteristic BOUYANCY

A

2) Living matter
-usually has a density of 1.02-1.06g/cm3. Avg. seawater has density ~1.03 g/cm3. Most animals denser than sea water & would sink if they couldn’t propel themselves.
-Some have SWIM BLADDERS filled w/ gas to help.

32
Q

nekton characteristic VISION

A

3) Many nekton have large eyes to gather lots of
light in relatively dark deeper water. Deep-water animals
may have only vestigial eyes (don’t need to “see”). May
have other adaptations to help them find food/escape
predation.

33
Q

FISHES

A
  • Usually streamlined swimmers. Fast to avoid predators &
    catch food.
  • Others are camouflaged & sit on bottom waiting for
    unsuspecting dinner.
  • Some important commercially to humans as food source (Mackerel, Herring, Tuna, Cod)
34
Q

Antarctic Fish

A

Specially adapted to survival under extreme
conditions:
–High blood salinity & other body fluids may act as
antifreeze (TF~-2°C)
–Able to store fatty oils for consumption in winter when
food is especially scarce.
–Light-weight cartilaginous bones to conserve energy.

35
Q

Migration fish types and how

A

anadromous and catadromous.
-Use sun, currents, magnetic field for navigation.

36
Q

anadromous

A

Spawn in fresh water & spend adult life in
salt water- Salmon

37
Q

Catadromous

A

Spawn in sea & migrate to spend life in
fresh water- N. Atlantic Eels

38
Q

Fisheries

A

Fish provide AVERAGE ~3% of total human dietary
protein & ~10% of animal protein. More in some culture
(~80% in Bangladesh).

39
Q

SHARKS

A

Many are large, swift predators, but some feed
mostly on plankton. Very primitive cartilage rather than bones. No true scales, but denticles (small plates imbedded in skin). Hatch young internally. Human food source. Bad rap over past few years & overfished, putting some into endangered position.

40
Q

SQUID

A

Common in ocean mid-depths. Hard to capture, so
relatively poorly known. Effective predators which can grow to 50 ft. in length. Propelled by water jets. Migrate vertically in water on diurnal schedule- near surface to hunt at night.

41
Q

MAMMALS

A

Warm-blooded & among largest animals on Earth. Born live & nursed by mothers.

42
Q

types of mammals

A

Sireneans, Pinnipeds, & Cetaceans

43
Q

Sireneans

A

Sea cows. Herbivores.

44
Q
A
45
Q

Pinnipeds

A

(“feather foot”) Divide time between water &
shore. Seals, walruses, sea lions.

46
Q

Cetaceans

A

Completely aquatic. Whales, dolphins, & porpoises. Seasonal migration to reproduce. Many hunted to
near extinction.
- Smaller cetaceans often feed by direct ingestion of fish, squid, etc (porpoises, dolphins, small whales).
- Larger members stain mud & water using baleen to remove plankton (krill & other crustaceans in particular).

47
Q

REPTILES

A

Turtles, sea snakes, & a few lizards. Most are herbivores. Many hunted to near extinction or have had
habitat & breeding grounds destroyed.

48
Q

SEA BIRDS

A

Live on or near ocean. Feed on/in ocean, but go
ashore to breed.

49
Q

types of sea birds

A

Wading Birds, Oceanic birds, & Penguins

50
Q

Wading Birds

A

Long legs & bills. Feed in shallow water
(Herons).

51
Q

Oceanic birds

A

Spend most of life on water. Breed on shore
(Terns).

52
Q
A

ocean exam 3 (1 decks)

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