Marine Cultivation Flashcards
________, ________, ________, and ________ practices linked to marine cultivation and harvest technologies
Ecological, political, social, and spiritual practices
Ethnoecologists argue that cultivation techniques developed around salmon and other critical marine resources of which people had intimate knowledge, and that such interventions helped:
regularize supplies
ameliorate disruptions
accommodate shifts
reverse declines in species populations
- by recreating or strengthening conditions for
sustaining species in dynamic ecological systems
set of actions taken to guide a system towards achieving desired goals and objectives
Management
What is a “Management System”?
sum of these actions, goals and objectives; the process through which they are legitimized by social norms, and the institutions and actors involved in carrying them out
Differences between the term “cultivation” vs “resource management” or “conservation” :
“resource management” or “conservation” are:
too strict, too narrow, and too ethnocentric to accommodate indigenous concepts and practices
PNW Examples of Ocean Cultivation:
Clam Gardens - Mariculture
Salmon Production - Cultivation of Salmon and other fish species
Estuarine Root Gardens - Intertidal Management
NWC landscapes and management continuum: from mountaintop to ocean bottom
burning, tilling, pruning, terracing, selective harvesting, transplanting
intertidal management examples
fish traps , clam gardens , root gardens
The Cultivation Continuum: Minimal vs Extensive modification
minimal:
- using natural landforms without much modification
- ex// natural pools w built walls
extensive modification:
- more labour and more intense use of land
Estuarine (pacific) root gardens examples:
springbank clover
pacific silverweed
northern riceroot (lily)
facts abt root gardens:
- The preferred foods of supernatural and ancestral beings.
- Chiefly foods, the focus of winter feasts, surplus was traded.
- Sites were owned and managed through intergenerational tenure systems
root garden cultivation strategies
target plants do best in very narrow ecological gradient
- by building stone walls and mounding soils
- boundaries marked by rock walls and posts
What is brackish water?
the mixing of salt water and fresh water in estuarine root garden
How does TEK teach about clam management research?
management:
- tilling , add sediment , size selection , timing , restrictions
special areas for harvesting
harvesting and processing
incremental learning of harvesting practices and ecology
importance of clam digging to solidify family and other social relations
clam gardens
What is a clam garden?
a traditional Indigenous management system
type of mariculture
ppl created optimal habitat for clams by modifying a beach
info about clam gardens (6 points)
can be radiocarbon dated
deep history
clam garden beaches much more productive than natural beaches
huge increase in food on landscape
complex interaction between people, sea level, clams
reveal how ancient shellfish aquaculture practices may
have supported food security strategies in the past and provide insight into tools for the conservation, management, and governance of intertidal seascapes today
Integrated intertidal:
____ _____ (villages) , ______ ____ ____ , ____ _____ , etc. are often an integrated and interrelated continuum
shell midden (villages), estuarine root gardens, fish traps,
What are fish weirs?
picket fence-like structure built of wooden posts placed within the channel of a stream or at the edge of a tidal lagoon intended to capture fish as they swim along with the current.
Fish traps on rivers or streams are circular, wedge- shaped or ovoid rings of posts, with an upstream opening.
The posts are often connected by basketry netting or wattle fences:
the fish swim in and are trapped within the circle or upstream of the current
Fish traps and clam gardens as monumental features:
Building/maintenance of projects this scale require social organization, ability to organize and mobilize people and resources.
Stone Tidal fish traps
Tidal fish traps are solid low walls of boulders built in the intertidal zone: The fish swim over the top of the wall at high tides, and as the water recedes with the tide, they’re trapped behind the wall.
* Fish weirs are sometimes thought of as fish farming (“aquaculture”), since the fish can live in the trap for a period until they are harvested.
* Fish selectively harvested, people can pick the ones they want (and leave small ones).
* At next high tide, remaining fish swim over top of trap back to sea.
Main concept of stone fish traps:
Use tides coming in and out to trap and release fish from harvesting technology
How are fish traps used as selective fishery?
“mesh” size of wooden part of trap allows smaller fish to pass through
- ensures survival of sufficient spawners
