Marine Cultivation

Question 1

________, ________, ________, and ________ practices linked to marine cultivation and harvest technologies

Answer 1

Ecological, political, social, and spiritual practices

Question 2

Ethnoecologists argue that cultivation techniques developed around salmon and other critical marine resources of which people had intimate knowledge, and that such interventions helped:

Answer 2

regularize supplies
ameliorate disruptions
accommodate shifts
reverse declines in species populations
- by recreating or strengthening conditions for
sustaining species in dynamic ecological systems

Question 3

set of actions taken to guide a system towards achieving desired goals and objectives

Answer 3

Management

Question 4

What is a “Management System”?

Answer 4

sum of these actions, goals and objectives; the process through which they are legitimized by social norms, and the institutions and actors involved in carrying them out

Question 5

Differences between the term “cultivation” vs “resource management” or “conservation” :

Answer 5

“resource management” or “conservation” are:

too strict, too narrow, and too ethnocentric to accommodate indigenous concepts and practices

Question 6

PNW Examples of Ocean Cultivation:

Answer 6

Clam Gardens - Mariculture

Salmon Production - Cultivation of Salmon and other fish species

Estuarine Root Gardens - Intertidal Management

Question 7

NWC landscapes and management continuum: from mountaintop to ocean bottom

Answer 7

burning, tilling, pruning, terracing, selective harvesting, transplanting

Question 8

intertidal management examples

Answer 8

fish traps , clam gardens , root gardens

Question 9

The Cultivation Continuum: Minimal vs Extensive modification

Answer 9

minimal:
- using natural landforms without much modification
- ex// natural pools w built walls

extensive modification:
- more labour and more intense use of land

Question 10

Estuarine (pacific) root gardens examples:

Answer 10

springbank clover
pacific silverweed
northern riceroot (lily)

Question 11

facts abt root gardens:

Answer 11

• The preferred foods of supernatural and ancestral beings.
• Chiefly foods, the focus of winter feasts, surplus was traded.
• Sites were owned and managed through intergenerational tenure systems

Question 12

root garden cultivation strategies

Answer 12

target plants do best in very narrow ecological gradient
- by building stone walls and mounding soils
- boundaries marked by rock walls and posts

Question 13

What is brackish water?

Answer 13

the mixing of salt water and fresh water in estuarine root garden

Question 14

How does TEK teach about clam management research?

Answer 14

management:
- tilling , add sediment , size selection , timing , restrictions

special areas for harvesting

harvesting and processing

incremental learning of harvesting practices and ecology

importance of clam digging to solidify family and other social relations

clam gardens

Question 15

What is a clam garden?

Answer 15

a traditional Indigenous management system

type of mariculture

ppl created optimal habitat for clams by modifying a beach

Question 16

info about clam gardens (6 points)

Answer 16

can be radiocarbon dated

deep history

clam garden beaches much more productive than natural beaches

huge increase in food on landscape

complex interaction between people, sea level, clams

reveal how ancient shellfish aquaculture practices may
have supported food security strategies in the past and provide insight into tools for the conservation, management, and governance of intertidal seascapes today

Question 17

Integrated intertidal:
____ _____ (villages) , ______ ____ ____ , ____ _____ , etc. are often an integrated and interrelated continuum

Answer 17

shell midden (villages), estuarine root gardens, fish traps,

Question 18

What are fish weirs?

Answer 18

picket fence-like structure built of wooden posts placed within the channel of a stream or at the edge of a tidal lagoon intended to capture fish as they swim along with the current.

Fish traps on rivers or streams are circular, wedge- shaped or ovoid rings of posts, with an upstream opening.
The posts are often connected by basketry netting or wattle fences:
the fish swim in and are trapped within the circle or upstream of the current

Question 19

Fish traps and clam gardens as monumental features:

Answer 19

Building/maintenance of projects this scale require social organization, ability to organize and mobilize people and resources.

Question 20

Stone Tidal fish traps

Answer 20

Tidal fish traps are solid low walls of boulders built in the intertidal zone: The fish swim over the top of the wall at high tides, and as the water recedes with the tide, they’re trapped behind the wall.
* Fish weirs are sometimes thought of as fish farming (“aquaculture”), since the fish can live in the trap for a period until they are harvested.
* Fish selectively harvested, people can pick the ones they want (and leave small ones).
* At next high tide, remaining fish swim over top of trap back to sea.

Question 21

Main concept of stone fish traps:

Answer 21

Use tides coming in and out to trap and release fish from harvesting technology

Question 22

How are fish traps used as selective fishery?

Answer 22

“mesh” size of wooden part of trap allows smaller fish to pass through

• ensures survival of sufficient spawners