March Madness Flashcards
when the speaker addresses an inanimate object
ex: Oh Solitude! “Death Be Not Proud” by J. Donne
apostrophe
when a statement, a pair of words, or an idea are contrasting to each other (meant to bring emphasis to their differences or to show greater contrast)
ex: Love (thesis) and hate (antithesis)
antithesis
deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several verses, clauses, or paragraphs
ex: We shall fight on the beaches
We shall fight on the landing ground
We shall fight in the fields - W Churchill
anaphora
brief reference to a person, place, things, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance
allusion
rhythmically significant stress on a syllable within poetry; where the stressed syllables are in words and within longer lines of poetry
ex: shall I [ com pare [ thee to [ a sum [ mers day
accent
line of poetry containing 12 syllables; usually written in iambic hexameter
alexandrine
the repetition of the same sound (not letters) at the beginning of a sequence of words
ex: Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled peppers
alliteration
a metrical foot consisting of a stressed syllable between two unstressed syllables U/U
amphibrach
a metrical foot in poetry consisting of a short syllable enclosed by two long syllables
ex: full of joy /U/
amphimacer
a metrical foot in poetry consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable
ex: twas the night UU/
anapest
a short speech or remark by which an actor directly addresses the audience but is not supposed to be heard by the other actors on stage
ex: Macbeth addressing the audience when Banquo is on stage
aside
the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds
ex: Lake and Fate
assonance
the use of descriptive language to create imagery that appeals to the sense of hearing
ex: lambs loud bleat, ledge crickets sing, swallows twitter - John Koats “To Autumn”
auditory images
a narrative written in rhymed quatrains, repeated refrains, often sung
ex: “The Rime of an Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Coleridge
ballad
unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter
ex: “one equal temper of heroic hearts/ Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will/ To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield” -Ulysses
blank verse
a word or phrase that is not formal or literary, every day speaking that is used in a poem
ex: yall, gonna, wanna, don’t chicken out, go bananas
colloquialism
highly intellectual metaphor- takes pause and thought to make/understand comparison
ex: His tears were newly minted coins
John Donne and metaphysic poetry love conceits
conceit
poetry where the poet’s intent is conveyed by the graphic patterns of letter, words, or symbols
concrete poetry
a figure of speech in which the same consonant repeats within a group of words
ex: strong and swing; peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
consonance
a pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of same length
ex: Good night! Good night! Parting is suck a sweet sorrow / That I shall say good night till it be morrow
couplet
Greek and Latin metrical foot consisting of a short syllable enclosed by two long syllables (aka amphimacer) /U/
cretic
a metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables
ex: The words poetry, basketball, strawberry, carefully, mannequin /UU
dactyl
a line of verse composed of two feet
dimeter
a harsh unpleasant combination of sounds, also used in the criticism of poetry (Greek for “bad sound”)
ex: brillig borogroves” and jugjub from Lewis Carroll’s “Jabberwocky”
cacaphony
a pause or break in a line of a verse, marked with a double pipe symbol ||
ex: “To be, || or not to be” Hamlet by Shakespeare
caesura
Carpe Diem is Latin for “Seize the day” Poetry that exemplifies the fleeting nature of life and the need to embrace its pleasures
ex: “To His Coy Mistress” by Andrew Marvell (Cavaller poetry embodies carpe diem theme)
carpe diem poetry
the effect of ‘purification’ of emotions achieved through tragic drama; coined by Aristotle
ex: Romeo and Juliet when they kill themselves
catharsis
part of a poem that is repeated following each verse, can also be a phrase or series of lines repeated in a poem (or can be in Greek drama
ex: Do not go gentle into that good night throughout the poem “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night” by Dylan Thomas
chorus
a short story, comic, or verse typically in two rhyming couplets with lines of unequal lengths, normally referring to a famous historical person
clerihew
poems written in specific patterns, using meter, line length, and stanzas, often referred to as a free verse poem
ex: haiku, limerick, ballad, sestina, sonnets, villanelles
closed form poetry
funeral song; a somber poem made after a death, usually shorter and more concise than elegies
Dirge/Monody
rhymes that occur at the very end of a poem; feminine rhyme (falling rhyme); rhyme ends on unaccented syllable
dying rhyme
aka onomatopoeia
ex: snap crackle pop
echoic words
a poem of serious reflection, usually concerning death; mournful, speaker moves through stages of death (1. lament 2. praise/admiration 3. consolation/solace)
ex: Walt Whitman’s “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”
elegy
a line of poetry in which a sentence or phrase comes to a conclusion at the end of a line, expressed with strong punctuation (period, semicolon, ?, !, :) opposite of enjambment
ex: Defining words is madness!
March will bring me such sadness!
end stopped line
a continuation of a sentence or phrase from one poetic line to the next (opposite of end stopped line)
ex: Defining words
Is madness.
March will bring me
Much sadness.
enjambment
a long, narrative poem that accounts heroic tales and deeds of a legendary person, or group, often written in elevated language, style, and tone
ex: The Odyssey by Homer
epic
a descriptive devise (adjective) that describes a person, place, or thing with characteristics that are more prominent and interesting than they are in reality (short poetic nickname)
ex: Ivan the Terrible
epithet
a phrase written in memory of a person who has dies, especially on a tomb
ex: “In loving memory” “rest in peace” “a life measured in memories”
epitaph
substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered to be too harsh
ex: saying “passed away” instead of died
euphemism
pleasing and harmonious to the ear, achieved through use of vowel sounds in words of generally serene imagery, create a melody when read aloud (long vowel sounds, liquid consonants l and r, semi vowels w and y)
ex: leisure, eerie, ethereal
euphony
aka slant rhyme, half rhyme, off rhyme, imperfect rhyme, near rhyme; words that are spelled very similarly but pronounced differently
ex: love and move
eye rhyme
rhyming pattern in which an unstressed syllable always follows a stressed syllable
ex: Jack and Jill went up the hill
/U
falling rhyme
also called a double rhyme, a rhyme involving two syllables; the term can also be applied to triple rhymes, or rhymes involving three syllables
ex: Motion and ocean or willow and billow
feminine rhyme
a figure of speech comparing two things using like or as
ex: he is as fast as a cheetah
similie
the attribution of a personal nature of human characteristics to something nonhuman
ex: the sun smiled down at us
personification
a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable
ex: I’m on fire right now
metaphor
a metaphor that extends beyond one line
ex: You’re a snake! Everything you hiss out of your mouth is a lie. You frighten children, and you have no spine.
extended metaphor
a metaphor that is sustained throughout an entire work
ex: “Life is a Highway” by Rascal Flatts
sustained metaphor
basic unit of measurement in verse/poetry
foot
nonmetrical nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech
ex: “The Red Wheelbarrow” by William Carlos Williams
“so much depends / upon / a red wheel / barrow / glazed with rain / water / beside the white / chicken
free verse
when the final consonant sounds of stressed syllables rhyme, but the final vowel sounds do not (aka slant rhyme, near rhyme, imperfect rhyme, eye rhyme, off rhyme)
ex: love and move
half rhyme
when the two words which rhyme end in an accent syllable (masculine ending rhyme)
ex: Jill and hill from the rhyme “Jack and Jill Went Up the Hill”
heavy stress rhyme
a metrical line of verses consisting of six feet (more common in Greek/Latin lit)
hexameter
a figure of speech composed of striking exaggeration
ex: I’m so hungry I could eat a horse
hyperbole
a metrical foot consisting of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable
ex: amuse (a=unaccented syllable) (muse=accented syllable) U/
iamb
a poem that describes an ideal life of rural living compared to the complexity of city life (pastoral)
ex: “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”
idyll/eclogue
a single syllable that does not fit into the order of a stressed line of poetry
imperfect foot
an internal rhyme included two words in the same line that rhyme
ex: there is fun to be done
internal rhyme
when poets mix up the words in their sentence to satisfy rhyme or rhythm
ex: Never again will you do that
inversion
a poem that uses the rhyme scheme of AABBA
ex: “Hickory dickory dock/The mouse ran up the clock/The clock struck one/The mouse did run/hickory dickory dock”
limerick
verse or poem that can be sung to an accompaniment, with expressing intense personal emotion in a manner suggestive of a song (elegies, odes, and sonnets)
lyric
in verse, a rhyme that occurs only in stressed final syllables
ex: claims, flames, or rare, despair
masculine rhyme
hidden complex ideas and paradoxes that blend emotion and intellectual ingenuity, and forced juxtaposition of apparently unconnected ideas that tend to startle the reader when realized
metaphysical conceit
systematically arranged and measure rhythm in verse or a fixed metrical pattern, or verse form
meter
a line of verse consisting of eight metrical feet, or 16 syllables
ex: “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary” - “The Raven” by Edgar Allen Poe
octameter
an eight line stanza or poem
ex: first eight lines of Petrarchan sonnet is an octave “How Do I Love Thee”
octave
poem that celebrates a person, place, thing or idea (pays tribute to a subject)
ode
rhyming of ending consonant sounds; also known as slant or half rhyme
ex: move and love
off rhyme
author’s appeal to smell
olfactory imagery
sound words
ex: “whoooooshhh” “hisssss”
onomatopoeia
the exaggeration or strong expression of something in order to emphasize importance or effect (hyperbole)
overstatement
a figure of speech which brings together contradictory terms in order to create effect
ex: deafening silence
oxymoron
two seemingly contradictory statements or words which, upon further examination, present some truth
ex: I can resist anything but temptation- Oscar Wilde
paradox
the use of similar words, clauses, phrases, or other grammatical forms in repetition
ex: “I love thee freely, as men strive for right. / I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.” (“How Do I Love Thee” Elizabeth Barrett Browning)
parallelism
a line made up of five groups of stressed and unstressed syllables (mostly known in Shakespearean works)
ex: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day.” (Romeo and Juliet)
pentameter
the person who is understood to be speaking, the persona is distinct from the author and is chosen by the author for a specific purpose
ex: In My Last Duchess, Robert Browning uses persona to create the speaker, the duke
persona/speaker
a work in prose that has some technical or literary elements of a poem set on a page as a prose (ordinary language)
ex: After the War by Heidi Howell
prose poem
a play on words, a figure of speech that rely on word play
ex: Denial is a river in Egypt
pun
a metrical foot used in formal poetry, it consists of two unaccented, short syllables
UU
pyrrhic
four line stanza
quatrain
a question asked for the sake of persuasive effect rather than as a request for information
ex: “If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die?” -Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare
rhetorical question
the repetition of a similar sound between words or the ending of words, often at the end of verse lines of strains
rhyme
the pattern that the rhyme endings are arranged in a poem
ex: aabba, abab, aabbcc, abab cdcd efef gg
rhyme scheme
Greek “rhythmos” = measured motion; the arrangement of sounds to create stressed and unstressed intervals
ex: iambic rhythm has alternating unstressed then stressed syllables
rhythm
a rhythmic effect where the unstressed syllables are perceived as linked to the stressed syllables or when the stressed syllables fall on the last syllable
U/
rising rhythm
french for “little circle”; an octosyllabic between 10-15 lines and three stanzas
ex: “In Flanders Fields” by John McCrae
rondeau
analysis of metrical patterns in a poem by grouping lines, metrical feet, and individual syllables
ex: “Annabel Lee” by Edgar Allen Poe
scansion
a poem with six stanzas of six lines with a final triplet, each stanzas has the same six words at line ends in six different sequences
sestina
a rhyme where two words are spelled similarly but pronounced differently (eye rhyme)
ex: love and move
slight rhyme
two words that have only their final consonant sounds and no preceding vowel or consonant sounds
ex: love and move
slant rhyme
metrical foot consisting of two long or stressed syllables occurring together
ex: green grow | the rush (Robert Burns)
//
spondee
a poem form consisting of 14 lines written in iambic pentameter
sonnet
sonnet of 14 lines group into three stanzas of four lines each and two lines of verse with rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg
shakespearean sonnet
sonnet of 14 lines divided into eight line stanza (octave) rhyming abbaabba and the last six lines (sestet) end in a variable rhyme scheme
petrarchan sonnet
three quatrains and a couplet, rhyme scheme should be abab bcbc cdcd ee (looks same as Shakespearean but sounds differently)
spenserian sonnet
a division of a poem consisting of two or more lines arranged together as a unit; two-line stanzas are couplets, three-lines are tercets, four-lines are quatrains
stanza
an object, person, situation, or action that has a literal meaning in a story but suggests or represents other meanings
ex: a heart symbolizes love
symbol
a common figure of speech or trope by which something is referred to indirectly by naming only some part or some constituent of it (something stands for whole)
ex: many hands make light work
synecdoche
a rhetorical device that describes or associates one sense in terms of another, most often in the form of a simile; sensations of touch, taste, see, hear, and smell are expressed as being intertwined or having a connection between them
ex: a cold gaze, not literally being a low temperature but rather a sinister glare
synesthesia
used to describe something by focusing on aspects that can be felt or touched; describes what you can physically feel, such as temp, movement, texture, etc
ex: a gust of cold air blew over her, causing her body to shiver
tactile image
a stanza of three lines, a triplet, in which each ends in the same rhyme
tercet
a poem with three line stanzas with rhyme scheme aba bcb cdc ded and son on
ex: Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind
terza rima
one line consisting of four feet
ex: A tree that may in summers wear
tetrameter
a literary device with a figurative meaning, that the purpose of is easily recognized and understood (irony, metaphors, synecdoche, metonymy)
ex: “stop and smell the roses”
trope
french for “free verse” basic metrical unit in the poem is the phrase rather than a line of a fixed number of syllables, length of lines vary and rhyme is optional
ex: “The Red Wheelbarrow” by William Carlos Williams
vers libre
five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain
ex: “Do Not Go Gentle into that Goodnight” by Dylan Thomas
villanelle
a written poem that creates a visual image that relates to its meaning
visual poetry
a figure of speech when a speaker makes the situation seem less important or severe than what it is
ex: In the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Mercurio says when he is stabbed, “Ay, ay, a scratch, a scratch”
understatement
