Marbel

Question 1

Agent

Answer 1

Anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through effectors

Question 2

Controllable entities

Answer 2

Can perform actions in the environment (a bot, a gripper, a character)

Question 3

Percepts (definition)

Answer 3

Received by agent and inform it about what the entity can see

Question 4

Event processing

Answer 4

Enables the agent to process events, such as percepts and messages between agents

Question 5

Representing information

Answer 5

Enables the agent to maintain a model of the environment and enables the agent to reason about its environment

Question 6

Decision making

Answer 6

Enables the agent to reason about what it should do next and select an action to perform next

Question 7

.mas2g file

Answer 7

Used for launching an agent system, connecting agents to entities in an environment, and for processing events by subscribing to channels

Question 8

.pl file

Answer 8

A knowledge representation file used for representing information and to create the initial database of an agent

Question 9

.mod2g file

Answer 9

Module files, contain rules that are used for programming the decision making capability of an agent

Question 10

Launch rule

Answer 10

Launching an agent in marbel with command launch

Question 11

Init module

Answer 11

The first module to be executed when the agent is launched

Question 12

Update module

Answer 12

Update the agents database after performing an action

Question 13

action rules

Answer 13

rules that consist of a query and an action

Question 14

environment actions

Answer 14

change the state of the environment

Question 15

single agent environment (property)

Answer 15

an environment with only a single entity that can make changes to the environment

Question 16

use clause

Answer 16

use id.

where id is a prolog file, this enables MARBEL to use prolog

Question 17

multi-agent environment (property)

Answer 17

an environment in which more than one agent can make changes and effect the environment

Question 18

deterministic (property)

Answer 18

Effects of actions on the environment state are completely predictable

Question 19

discrete(property)

Answer 19

There is only a limited number of percepts and actions available in the environment

Question 20

fully observable (property)

Answer 20

an entity can always see the complete figuration of the environment

Question 21

send always (percept)

Answer 21

New information that becomes available should be added whereas old information
should be removed.

replace handler

Question 22

environment actions

Answer 22

actions made available by an environment

Question 23

precondition

Answer 23

specifies whether its possible to perform an action (can be a query or not)

Question 24

actions are enabled when

Answer 24

the preconditions for being able to perform the action hold

Question 25

instantaneous action

Answer 25

the time needed to execute it can be neglected

Question 26

durative action

Answer 26

the time needed to execute it can *not* be neglected, they take time if another action is performed while the durative one is still in progress the durative one will be cancelled

Question 27

send action

Answer 27

used for communicating messages to other agents

Question 28

insert () action

Answer 28

modifies an agents database by inserting all positive literals in into it, and removing all facts that occur in negative literals in should be a conjunction of prolog literals (insert (not(on(1,2)), on(1,0) removes on(1,2) and inserts on(1,0)

Question 29

delete () action

Answer 29

modifies an agents database by removing positive literals in and adding negative literals

Question 30

+ operator

Answer 30

can be used to combine actions executed from left to right insert(...) + delete(...)

Question 31

print() action

Answer 31

prints the prolog term , can be anything

Question 32

log() action

Answer 32

can be used to write logging information to a file

Question 33

sleep() action

Answer 33

freezes the agent for amount of time, after the agent will continue on as normal

Question 34

starttimer(,,) action

Answer 34

can be used to start a timer

Question 35

canceltimer() action

Answer 35

can be used to cancel a timer before its duration has ended

Question 36

partially observable

Answer 36

an agent cannot see the entire figuration of the environment

Question 37

static (property)

Answer 37

the environment doesnt change if the agent doesnt do anything

Question 38

properties of environments

Answer 38

static/dynamic discrete/continuous single/multi agents deterministic/stochastic full/partial observability

Question 39

send once (percept)

Answer 39

For percepts that are received only once, *add* handler

Question 40

send on change (percept)

Answer 40

received each time when an environment feature changes but not received when the feature does not change. *update* handler

Question 41

if ... then exit-module

Answer 41

terminate the agent when its done

Question 42

linear order style (rule evaluation for decision making)

Answer 42

done in order (the first rule that is applicable is applied)

Question 43

linear all style (rule evaluation for initialization and updating)

Answer 43

first, all rules are evaluated and then all rules that are applicable are applied

Question 44

order option for a module

Answer 44

with this the order of rule evaluation can be changed (random, linear, linearall, linearrandom, linearallrandom,randomall)

Question 45

agent-oriented programming

Answer 45

a model of decision making where agents make decisions based on what they believe

Question 46

condition-action rules

Answer 46

an action is enabled based on a condition if then

Question 47

launch policy

Answer 47

tells the platform when to create and launch an agent (launch helloWorldAgent.)

Question 48

agent definition

Answer 48

specifies a name for the agent and consists of a definition section that specifies which module files should be used for creating the agent, specifies a type of agent (use helloWorld for decisions)

Question 49

exit=noaction

Answer 49

terminate the agent when theres nothing left to do

Question 50

with clause

Answer 50

used to set one or more initialization parameters of an environment (with start=[2,3,0].)

Question 51

flounder

Answer 51

a prolog program that applies negation to a non-ground literal avoid this by making each variable in the body of a rule first appears in a positive literal (block(X) before not(on(_,X).)

Question 52

non-ground literal

Answer 52

a literal that contains uninstantiated variables

Question 53

closed world assumption

Answer 53

anything not explicitely stated to be true in the database is assumed to be false, thus the database should contain all relevant facts about the environment for it to work correctly

Question 54

a predicate is defined when

Answer 54

if it occurs in the head of a prolog rule

Question 55

declaring predicates

Answer 55

all predicates that are used, but not defined need to be declared (in the dynamic section)

Question 56

forall do

Answer 56

used to apply a specified action to all bindings that satisfy a given query (forall on(L1, L2) do delete(on(L1,L2))