MARA 301 Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Traffic Studies
A
analyze current and historical data to forecast future trends
new trade routes or adjusting existing routes, new project vessels, vessel replacement or additions
2
Q
commodities
A
volumes, profit margins, revenues forecasts
3
Q
freight rates
A
current, historical and trends, adjustments by other carriers
4
Q
stevedoring
A
costs by commodity
5
Q
claims
A
cost and frequency
6
Q
vessel operational life
A
25-30 years
7
Q
voyage routing
A
voyage ports of call, routing, voyage time and voyages per year
8
Q
required cargo tonnage, or cubic capacity per voyage
A
containership, breakbulk, specialty carriers, RORO (inbound/outbound)
drybulk (shoreside)
project cargo, LNG
specialized cargoes (reefer, special packaging, securing)
9
Q
propulsion
A
diesel (med/slow), diesel electric, gas turbine, single/twin screw
10
Q
bunkering
A
location of bunkering port along route, capacity of fuel oil tanks, types of fuel (HFO, LNG, diesel)
11
Q
special cargo considerations
A
reefer, cargo, ventilation, reefer plugs, power for cranes/derricks
12
Q
port restricitons
A
channel depths (MLLW), tidal ranges, maximum drafts, air drafts, lock restrictions, daylight restrictions, turning basins
13
Q
terminal restrictions
A
maximum draft at berth, berthing dimensions restrictions
14
Q
equipment in ports
A
number, location and type
15
Q
breakbulk cargo
A
dockside cranes, heavy lift equipment
16
Q
containerships
A
container handling cranes
17
Q
dry bulk
A
cargo loading and discharging facilities
18
Q
liquid bulk
A
standardized with exceptions for projects
19
Q
supporting facilities
A
storage of dry and liquid cargoes. rail and truck logistics
20
Q
regulatory requirements
A
government ship construction regulations
class society, loadlines
safety of life at sea
IMO Emission Control Areas (ECA’s) restricting Nox and SOx emissions
21
Q
Vessel Acquisition Decisions
Voyage Routing
A
does the vessel design meet the anticipated voyage planning, port calls, quantity and variety of cargo (current and future) deliveries
22
Q
speed
A
competitive voyage routing with regards to freight rates and fuel economy
23
Q
vessel dimensions
A
port constraints and cargo carrying requirements. include canal and any lock constraints on voyage routing
24
Q
hull form and displacement
A
hydrodynamics, cargo capacity, and cargo stowage
25
general arrangement
interior and exterior design allows efficient cargo handling. installation of cargo handling gear
26
cubic measurements within hull
capacities for efficient cargo operations within all compartments
27
machinery
reliable and efficient propulsions. fuel economy and access to reliable bunker supply along voyage routing
28
outfit of vessel
competitive voyage routing with regards to freight rates and fuel economy
29
LNG value chain
production
well stream transport
liquefaction
storage and loading
shipping
receiving terminal
30
LNG tankers are integrated into what?
the LNG projects planning
31
project final investment decision usually triggers what?
the contract execution for the new build LNG tankers
32
shipyard contract signing delivery is
~36 months
33
what is total proven shipyard capacity?
~60 LNG carriers
34
what is the market share for Korean yards, Samsung, Hyundai, and Daewoo?
~66%
35
what is Japan's market share?
~22%
36
what are Chinese yards market share?
~7% and growing
37
what are European market shares?
they are phasing out
38
marketing and fleet composition
destination and quantities
shipping costs and budgets
fleet composition
39
acquisition strategy
control strategy
shipping structure
acquisition process
prequalification criteria and process
40
project resource planning
acquisition team
plan review and construction oversight
vessel acquisition decisions
41
what are LNG carrier shipyards
the invitation to tender (ITT) preparation
prequalification of shipyards
outline technical specifications
shipbuilding contract
prequalification and bid list
42
tender and selection process
issue ITT and receive bids
technical bid evaluation/ normalizing
negotiation and bid analysis
shipyard recommendation
43
owners and operators
ITT preparation
time charter and management agreement
prequalification bid list
44
tender and selection process
issue ITT and receive bids
technical and commercial terms analysis
negotiation and bid analysis
ship owner/operator recommendations
45
finalizations and approvals
match ship owners and shipyards
finalize terms, award on subjects
shipping structure recommendations
management reviews
partner endorsement
award contract
46
project execution
plan/design review
construction supervision
planning for operations
ship deliveries (~1 vessel every 3 months)
47
life cycle of an oceangoing vessel
~20-25 years
48
what roles does a shipyard play in the life of a vessel?
shipbuilding
ship repairs - maintenance and alterations
ship breaking/scrapping
49
history of shipbuilding
England led during industrial revolution (1790-1900)
50
when did the U.S. obtain global leadership in large shipyards production
WWI and WWII
51
Japan and Europe dominated the global market in which years
1950 to 1990 with 90% of the global market
52
south korea entered the market in...
1970's bc of low cost labor
53
five major functions of managing and ship
technical management
crewing
stores
insurance
operations
54
port agency
owners' extended right arm
55
before arrival to port
arrange berth and cargo operations
arranges tugs, pilot, mooring crew
handles disbursements to port authority
meets ship in port 24/7
customs, immigration, health formalities
cash to master
delivery of stores, spare parts
medical attention for crew
56
after departure
complies disbursements account
provides "statement of facts" used to calculate demurrage and dispatch payments
57
ISO 14000
standards related to environmental management that exists to help organizations minimize how their operations negatively affect the environment; comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmental requirements
58
port agency for ships under charter
agent is employed by and represents the shipowner
charter parties often permit the charterer to appoint the port agent - so-called "charterer's agent"
59
conflict of interest
agent looks after interest of both owner and charterer
requires diplomatic skill
60
liner agency
liner operations chooses not to have a branch office in regular port of call - duties handled by liner agent
61
what are the duties in liner agency
marketing and sales
issue bills of lading and other documentation
supervise operations of cargo terminals
and the same services provided to chartered ships
62
bunkering operations
largest voyage costs up to 40%
dictates sailing schedule during vessel employment
global market ~$150 billion
63
bunkering plan considerations
fueling locations
quantities required
supplier
64
liner service
under fixed schedule can be determined w/ accuracy w/ unlimited changes along the route
65
tramp service
must be determined for each voyage
impacts vessel earnings due to trade off for cargo loaded and bunker quantities for maximum displacement (load lines)
66
voyage considerations
cargo load and bunkering schedule compliance with each maximum draft zone during the voyage
reserve fuel requirements of up to 20% between bunkering ports
environmental navigation zone considerations (sulfur, etc.)
earnings maximalization
67
marine bunker types
distillates - mainstay of global motor vessel fleet
residual or heavy fuel oil - remains of crude oil after lighter ends are extracted from fracking distillation tower at an oil refineries
liquefied natural gas (LNG)
other (ammonia, electric power, etc.)
68
containerization
dramatic reduction in port time and cost
10-12 longshoremen can discharge and load a containership in three or four days vs. 100 men taking three or four weeks
before containerization, liners spend 50% of their time in port and 50% of revenue on cargo handling
69
safety and integrity of cargo
less handling and checking
reduced breakage
less privilege
70
economies of scale
more efficient cargo operations = faster turnarounds, bigger ships
71
intermodalism
true door-to-door transportation is now possible
72
landbridge
landmass as a link in a maritime transport chain involving a foreign origin and destination
73
mini landbridge
landmass as a link in transport chain involving a foreign origin and a destination at the end of the landmas
74
micro landmass
landmass as a link in transport chain involving a foreign origin and an inland destination
75
reverse landbridge
maritime detour reaching an inland destination by using a close maritime port instead of the landbridge
76
combiconbill
combined transport bill of lading
used in intermodal shipments
entire movement from shipper consignee, including land and ocean freight
covers all modes involved, including sub-contractors
77
bill of lading
covers entire shipment from origin to destination, including land transport, not just seaport to seaport
receipt for the cargo being shipped and acts as a legal transportation contract
78
BCO
Beneficial Cargo Owner - a big importer (walmart, target, etc.)
79
VOCC
Vessel Operating Common Carrier - containership operator like Hapag Lloyd, CMA, CGM, or Maersk
80
NVOCC
Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier - type of freight forwarder. legally acts as a carrier of goods but does not own ships
can issue bills of lading for intermodal shipments and take full legal responsibility as carrier
81
freight forwarder
aka third party logistics provider or 3PL
arranges complete intermodal transportation of goods from origin to destination
82
master bill of lading
aka Ocean or Carrier Bill of Lading
issued by the shipping line to the NVOCC
83
house bill of lading
issued by the NVOCC to the actual customer
shipper listed is the actual shipper/exporter, and the consignee is the receiver/importer
84
latter of credit
used as payment method, the shipper, consignee, and notify party fields may differ depending on the agreement
85
port
area on both land and water, whether on the sea or river, that provides facilities for shipping vessels to load and unload their cargo
86
harbor
area where water meets land and results in a sheltered bay
water being enclosed by human intervention such as the building of breakwaters in the open sea
87
terminal
defined as a single man-made facility that may have several berths that handles vessels and possibly more than one type of vessel or cargo
88
key stages in cargo handling at marine terminals
cargo to port - to ship, warehouse, transit shed, now storage yard
cargo checked - less handling, larger units, less checking
cargo made into a set - formerly, breakbulk moved on hand trucks, now cargo is consolidated in containers
set moved to ship - formerly staged in transit shed, now container yard
hoisted aboard - cargo "lifted"
cargo moved horizontally in ship - larger hatches, effort is reduced
cargo stowage aboard ship
89
ocean bill of lading
receipt for cargo taken on board a ship
signed by master of vessel
describes cargo, makes, quantity and apparent condition of cargo taken aboard
issued in 3 originals
establishing limits of vessel's liability
title to the goods
negotiable bill of lading (order bill of lading)
must be presented before the vessel can legally release the goods to the person claiming to be the owner
90
tramp shipping
one ship, one cargo
charter party is contract of carriage
bill of lading is receipt for cargo
91
liner shipping
several cargoes and shippers on one ship
charterer party does NOT exist
bill of lading is both contract of carriage and receipt for cargo
92
functions of ocean B/L
receipt for cargo
contract of carriage
document of title
93
tramp shipping
route, cargo and employment vary. no set sailing schedule
private carrier
bulk cargoes predominate - "one ship, one cargo"
charterer party is contract
rates are freely negotiated
tramp market based on supply and demand
smaller, simpler organizations
brokers and agents negotiate charters
94
liner shipping
repeated sailings, predictable routes, regular schedule
common carrier
general cargo market segment - multiple shippers and cargoes on each voyage
bill of lading is contract
rates are published or set in accordance with rules
liner market subject to government oversight - FMC, EU
larger, more organizations book cargo
95
B/L functions
contract of carriage (for ship)
private carrier bulk cargo - charter party
common carrier general cargo - bill of lading
receipt (for cargo)
private carrier bulk cargo - bill of lading
common carrier general cargo - bill of lading
document of title (for cargo)
private carrier bulk cargo - bill of lading
common carrier general cargo - bill of lading
96
seller vs buyer
shipper - seller
consignee - buyer
97
title of goods
shipper - determinant of consignee field
consignee - directly related
98
optional vs. mandatory
shipper - mandatory
consignee - mandatory
99
position against goods
shipper - hands out the goods to the carrier
consignee - received the goods from the carrier
100
laws governing shipowner's liability
general maritime law established over centuries
101
harter act 1893
set rules for shipowner's liability in the united states
102
hague rules 1924
set international standards for bills of lading
ratified by the US in 1925
1968 and 1979 updates - Hague-Visby rules
103
carriage of goods by Sea Act (COGSA) 1936
harmonized US laws with Hague rules
applies "hook to hook" in foreign trade of the US
104
rotterdam rules 2009
not yet in force
movement towards intermodal standards
will replace Hague-Visby, Harter Act, COGSA
105
general principles
carrier must exercise due diligence
make the ship seaworthy
properly man, equip, and supply the ship
make the holds and other cargo spaces fit and safe for reception, carriage and preservation of cargo
106
carrier is exempt from what
liability for loss or damage to goods due to 17 specific circumstances
act or neglect of master.. in navigation of ship
fire
perils of the sea
act of god
act of war
12 more
107
clean vs foul B/L
clean B/L reads
"shipped on board in apparent good order and condition..."
Foul B/L contains notes regarding condition of cargo, including damage
establishes condition of goods when received by the carrier
foul B/L are not accepted by banks, so trade financing is jeopardized
108
document of title
consignee box is filled with the words "to order", the B/L is negotiable
109
consignee
consignee box contains the name and address of the consignee, the B/L is non-negotiable
the goods can only be delivered to the consignee
a non-negotiable B/L is also called a "Sea Waybill"
a non-negotiable B/L is NOT a document of title to the goods
