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MARA 301 > MARA 301 Exam 3 > Flashcards

MARA 301 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Traffic Studies

A

analyze current and historical data to forecast future trends
new trade routes or adjusting existing routes, new project vessels, vessel replacement or additions

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2
Q

commodities

A

volumes, profit margins, revenues forecasts

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3
Q

freight rates

A

current, historical and trends, adjustments by other carriers

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4
Q

stevedoring

A

costs by commodity

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5
Q

claims

A

cost and frequency

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6
Q

vessel operational life

A

25-30 years

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7
Q

voyage routing

A

voyage ports of call, routing, voyage time and voyages per year

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8
Q

required cargo tonnage, or cubic capacity per voyage

A

containership, breakbulk, specialty carriers, RORO (inbound/outbound)
drybulk (shoreside)
project cargo, LNG
specialized cargoes (reefer, special packaging, securing)

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9
Q

propulsion

A

diesel (med/slow), diesel electric, gas turbine, single/twin screw

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10
Q

bunkering

A

location of bunkering port along route, capacity of fuel oil tanks, types of fuel (HFO, LNG, diesel)

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11
Q

special cargo considerations

A

reefer, cargo, ventilation, reefer plugs, power for cranes/derricks

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12
Q

port restricitons

A

channel depths (MLLW), tidal ranges, maximum drafts, air drafts, lock restrictions, daylight restrictions, turning basins

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13
Q

terminal restrictions

A

maximum draft at berth, berthing dimensions restrictions

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14
Q

equipment in ports

A

number, location and type

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15
Q

breakbulk cargo

A

dockside cranes, heavy lift equipment

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16
Q

containerships

A

container handling cranes

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17
Q

dry bulk

A

cargo loading and discharging facilities

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18
Q

liquid bulk

A

standardized with exceptions for projects

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19
Q

supporting facilities

A

storage of dry and liquid cargoes. rail and truck logistics

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20
Q

regulatory requirements

A

government ship construction regulations
class society, loadlines
safety of life at sea
IMO Emission Control Areas (ECA’s) restricting Nox and SOx emissions

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21
Q

Vessel Acquisition Decisions
Voyage Routing

A

does the vessel design meet the anticipated voyage planning, port calls, quantity and variety of cargo (current and future) deliveries

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22
Q

speed

A

competitive voyage routing with regards to freight rates and fuel economy

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23
Q

vessel dimensions

A

port constraints and cargo carrying requirements. include canal and any lock constraints on voyage routing

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24
Q

hull form and displacement

A

hydrodynamics, cargo capacity, and cargo stowage

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25
Q

general arrangement

A

interior and exterior design allows efficient cargo handling. installation of cargo handling gear

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26
Q

cubic measurements within hull

A

capacities for efficient cargo operations within all compartments

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27
Q

machinery

A

reliable and efficient propulsions. fuel economy and access to reliable bunker supply along voyage routing

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28
Q

outfit of vessel

A

competitive voyage routing with regards to freight rates and fuel economy

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29
Q

LNG value chain

A

production
well stream transport
liquefaction
storage and loading
shipping
receiving terminal

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30
Q

LNG tankers are integrated into what?

A

the LNG projects planning

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31
Q

project final investment decision usually triggers what?

A

the contract execution for the new build LNG tankers

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32
Q

shipyard contract signing delivery is

A

~36 months

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33
Q

what is total proven shipyard capacity?

A

~60 LNG carriers

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34
Q

what is the market share for Korean yards, Samsung, Hyundai, and Daewoo?

A

~66%

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35
Q

what is Japan’s market share?

A

~22%

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36
Q

what are Chinese yards market share?

A

~7% and growing

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37
Q

what are European market shares?

A

they are phasing out

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38
Q

marketing and fleet composition

A

destination and quantities
shipping costs and budgets
fleet composition

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39
Q

acquisition strategy

A

control strategy
shipping structure
acquisition process
prequalification criteria and process

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40
Q

project resource planning

A

acquisition team
plan review and construction oversight
vessel acquisition decisions

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41
Q

what are LNG carrier shipyards

A

the invitation to tender (ITT) preparation
prequalification of shipyards
outline technical specifications
shipbuilding contract
prequalification and bid list

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42
Q

tender and selection process

A

issue ITT and receive bids
technical bid evaluation/ normalizing
negotiation and bid analysis
shipyard recommendation

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43
Q

owners and operators

A

ITT preparation
time charter and management agreement
prequalification bid list

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44
Q

tender and selection process

A

issue ITT and receive bids
technical and commercial terms analysis
negotiation and bid analysis
ship owner/operator recommendations

45
Q

finalizations and approvals

A

match ship owners and shipyards
finalize terms, award on subjects
shipping structure recommendations
management reviews
partner endorsement
award contract

46
Q

project execution

A

plan/design review
construction supervision
planning for operations
ship deliveries (~1 vessel every 3 months)

47
Q

life cycle of an oceangoing vessel

A

~20-25 years

48
Q

what roles does a shipyard play in the life of a vessel?

A

shipbuilding
ship repairs - maintenance and alterations
ship breaking/scrapping

49
Q

history of shipbuilding

A

England led during industrial revolution (1790-1900)

50
Q

when did the U.S. obtain global leadership in large shipyards production

A

WWI and WWII

51
Q

Japan and Europe dominated the global market in which years

A

1950 to 1990 with 90% of the global market

52
Q

south korea entered the market in…

A

1970’s bc of low cost labor

53
Q

five major functions of managing and ship

A

technical management
crewing
stores
insurance
operations

54
Q

port agency

A

owners’ extended right arm

55
Q

before arrival to port

A

arrange berth and cargo operations
arranges tugs, pilot, mooring crew
handles disbursements to port authority
meets ship in port 24/7
customs, immigration, health formalities
cash to master
delivery of stores, spare parts
medical attention for crew

56
Q

after departure

A

complies disbursements account
provides “statement of facts” used to calculate demurrage and dispatch payments

57
Q

ISO 14000

A

standards related to environmental management that exists to help organizations minimize how their operations negatively affect the environment; comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmental requirements

58
Q

port agency for ships under charter

A

agent is employed by and represents the shipowner
charter parties often permit the charterer to appoint the port agent - so-called “charterer’s agent”

59
Q

conflict of interest

A

agent looks after interest of both owner and charterer
requires diplomatic skill

60
Q

liner agency

A

liner operations chooses not to have a branch office in regular port of call - duties handled by liner agent

61
Q

what are the duties in liner agency

A

marketing and sales
issue bills of lading and other documentation
supervise operations of cargo terminals
and the same services provided to chartered ships

62
Q

bunkering operations

A

largest voyage costs up to 40%
dictates sailing schedule during vessel employment
global market ~$150 billion

63
Q

bunkering plan considerations

A

fueling locations
quantities required
supplier

64
Q

liner service

A

under fixed schedule can be determined w/ accuracy w/ unlimited changes along the route

65
Q

tramp service

A

must be determined for each voyage
impacts vessel earnings due to trade off for cargo loaded and bunker quantities for maximum displacement (load lines)

66
Q

voyage considerations

A

cargo load and bunkering schedule compliance with each maximum draft zone during the voyage
reserve fuel requirements of up to 20% between bunkering ports
environmental navigation zone considerations (sulfur, etc.)
earnings maximalization

67
Q

marine bunker types

A

distillates - mainstay of global motor vessel fleet
residual or heavy fuel oil - remains of crude oil after lighter ends are extracted from fracking distillation tower at an oil refineries
liquefied natural gas (LNG)
other (ammonia, electric power, etc.)

68
Q

containerization

A

dramatic reduction in port time and cost
10-12 longshoremen can discharge and load a containership in three or four days vs. 100 men taking three or four weeks
before containerization, liners spend 50% of their time in port and 50% of revenue on cargo handling

69
Q

safety and integrity of cargo

A

less handling and checking
reduced breakage
less privilege

70
Q

economies of scale

A

more efficient cargo operations = faster turnarounds, bigger ships

71
Q

intermodalism

A

true door-to-door transportation is now possible

72
Q

landbridge

A

landmass as a link in a maritime transport chain involving a foreign origin and destination

73
Q

mini landbridge

A

landmass as a link in transport chain involving a foreign origin and a destination at the end of the landmas

74
Q

micro landmass

A

landmass as a link in transport chain involving a foreign origin and an inland destination

75
Q

reverse landbridge

A

maritime detour reaching an inland destination by using a close maritime port instead of the landbridge

76
Q

combiconbill

A

combined transport bill of lading
used in intermodal shipments
entire movement from shipper consignee, including land and ocean freight
covers all modes involved, including sub-contractors

77
Q

bill of lading

A

covers entire shipment from origin to destination, including land transport, not just seaport to seaport
receipt for the cargo being shipped and acts as a legal transportation contract

78
Q

BCO

A

Beneficial Cargo Owner - a big importer (walmart, target, etc.)

79
Q

VOCC

A

Vessel Operating Common Carrier - containership operator like Hapag Lloyd, CMA, CGM, or Maersk

80
Q

NVOCC

A

Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier - type of freight forwarder. legally acts as a carrier of goods but does not own ships
can issue bills of lading for intermodal shipments and take full legal responsibility as carrier

81
Q

freight forwarder

A

aka third party logistics provider or 3PL
arranges complete intermodal transportation of goods from origin to destination

82
Q

master bill of lading

A

aka Ocean or Carrier Bill of Lading
issued by the shipping line to the NVOCC

83
Q

house bill of lading

A

issued by the NVOCC to the actual customer
shipper listed is the actual shipper/exporter, and the consignee is the receiver/importer

84
Q

latter of credit

A

used as payment method, the shipper, consignee, and notify party fields may differ depending on the agreement

85
Q

port

A

area on both land and water, whether on the sea or river, that provides facilities for shipping vessels to load and unload their cargo

86
Q

harbor

A

area where water meets land and results in a sheltered bay
water being enclosed by human intervention such as the building of breakwaters in the open sea

87
Q

terminal

A

defined as a single man-made facility that may have several berths that handles vessels and possibly more than one type of vessel or cargo

88
Q

key stages in cargo handling at marine terminals

A

cargo to port - to ship, warehouse, transit shed, now storage yard
cargo checked - less handling, larger units, less checking
cargo made into a set - formerly, breakbulk moved on hand trucks, now cargo is consolidated in containers
set moved to ship - formerly staged in transit shed, now container yard
hoisted aboard - cargo “lifted”
cargo moved horizontally in ship - larger hatches, effort is reduced
cargo stowage aboard ship

89
Q

ocean bill of lading

A

receipt for cargo taken on board a ship
signed by master of vessel
describes cargo, makes, quantity and apparent condition of cargo taken aboard
issued in 3 originals
establishing limits of vessel’s liability
title to the goods
negotiable bill of lading (order bill of lading)
must be presented before the vessel can legally release the goods to the person claiming to be the owner

90
Q

tramp shipping

A

one ship, one cargo
charter party is contract of carriage
bill of lading is receipt for cargo

91
Q

liner shipping

A

several cargoes and shippers on one ship
charterer party does NOT exist
bill of lading is both contract of carriage and receipt for cargo

92
Q

functions of ocean B/L

A

receipt for cargo
contract of carriage
document of title

93
Q

tramp shipping

A

route, cargo and employment vary. no set sailing schedule
private carrier
bulk cargoes predominate - “one ship, one cargo”
charterer party is contract
rates are freely negotiated
tramp market based on supply and demand
smaller, simpler organizations
brokers and agents negotiate charters

94
Q

liner shipping

A

repeated sailings, predictable routes, regular schedule
common carrier
general cargo market segment - multiple shippers and cargoes on each voyage
bill of lading is contract
rates are published or set in accordance with rules
liner market subject to government oversight - FMC, EU
larger, more organizations book cargo

95
Q

B/L functions

A

contract of carriage (for ship)
private carrier bulk cargo - charter party
common carrier general cargo - bill of lading
receipt (for cargo)
private carrier bulk cargo - bill of lading
common carrier general cargo - bill of lading
document of title (for cargo)
private carrier bulk cargo - bill of lading
common carrier general cargo - bill of lading

96
Q

seller vs buyer

A

shipper - seller
consignee - buyer

97
Q

title of goods

A

shipper - determinant of consignee field
consignee - directly related

98
Q

optional vs. mandatory

A

shipper - mandatory
consignee - mandatory

99
Q

position against goods

A

shipper - hands out the goods to the carrier
consignee - received the goods from the carrier

100
Q

laws governing shipowner’s liability

A

general maritime law established over centuries

101
Q

harter act 1893

A

set rules for shipowner’s liability in the united states

102
Q

hague rules 1924

A

set international standards for bills of lading
ratified by the US in 1925
1968 and 1979 updates - Hague-Visby rules

103
Q

carriage of goods by Sea Act (COGSA) 1936

A

harmonized US laws with Hague rules
applies “hook to hook” in foreign trade of the US

104
Q

rotterdam rules 2009

A

not yet in force
movement towards intermodal standards
will replace Hague-Visby, Harter Act, COGSA

105
Q

general principles

A

carrier must exercise due diligence
make the ship seaworthy
properly man, equip, and supply the ship
make the holds and other cargo spaces fit and safe for reception, carriage and preservation of cargo

106
Q

carrier is exempt from what

A

liability for loss or damage to goods due to 17 specific circumstances
act or neglect of master.. in navigation of ship
fire
perils of the sea
act of god
act of war
12 more

107
Q

clean vs foul B/L

A

clean B/L reads
“shipped on board in apparent good order and condition…”
Foul B/L contains notes regarding condition of cargo, including damage
establishes condition of goods when received by the carrier
foul B/L are not accepted by banks, so trade financing is jeopardized

108
Q

document of title

A

consignee box is filled with the words “to order”, the B/L is negotiable

109
Q

consignee

A

consignee box contains the name and address of the consignee, the B/L is non-negotiable
the goods can only be delivered to the consignee
a non-negotiable B/L is also called a “Sea Waybill”
a non-negotiable B/L is NOT a document of title to the goods

MARA 301 (3 decks)

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