MAR Final Flashcards
1
Q
the community of populations and the abiotic environment
A
ecosystem
2
Q
the study of how living things are influence and are influenced by their environment, interact with each other, and change over time
A
ecology
3
Q
all the organisms within an area of the same species
A
population
4
Q
non-living aspects of the environment
A
abiotic
5
Q
living aspects of the environment
A
biotic
6
Q
the storage of energy through the formation of organic matter from inorganic carbon compounds. Carried out by autotrophic organisms
A
Primary production
7
Q
Mechanism of evolutionary change caused by environmental selection of organisms that have heritable variation and compete for resources and are most fit to reproduce, results in adaptation to the environment
A
Natural selection
8
Q
Genetic change in a species over time resulting in the development of genetic and phenotypic differences that are the basis of natural selection
A
Evolution
9
Q
Process by which scientists formulate a hypothesis, gather data by observation and experimentation, and come to a conclusion.
A
The scientific method
10
Q
number of subjects in a treatment or control group
A
Sample size
11
Q
manipulated by the investigator to determine whether it influences the dependent variable
A
Independent variable
12
Q
what axis is the independent variable on?
A
X-axis
13
Q
Measured by the investigator to determine whether it is influenced by the dependent variable
A
Dependent variable
14
Q
what axis is the dependent variable on?
A
Y-axis
15
Q
Intentionally held constant by the investigator for all subjects in the experiment
A
Standardized variable
16
Q
Basis for comparison to treatment group(s)
A
Control
17
Q
Sum of all values divided by the total number of values
A
Arithmetic mean
18
Q
The central value in a data set
A
Median
19
Q
The value that occurs most often in a data set
A
Mode
20
Q
- organization
- requires energy
- homeostasis
- respond (behaviors)
- reproduce
- adapt
A
characteristics of life
21
Q
the act of keeping the state of internal balance in an organisms
A
Homeostasis
22
Q
Hierarchal organization
A
organism > population > community > ecosystem
23
Q
Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
A
Prokaryote
24
Q
cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
A
Eukaryote
25
What gives us tides?
Gravitational pull of the moon + rotation
26
the differences in air temperature leads to wind because of
density differences
27
Wind leads to water movement causing ocean
currents and waves
28
three types of marine Ecosystems
- Intertidal
- coastal/shallow subtidal
- oceanic
29
Examples of intertidal marine ecosystems
- Rocky intertidal
- mudflat
- estuary
30
- alternately flooded in water and exposed out of water by tide
- fluctuating temperatures and light intensity
- abundant nutrients because close to coast
Characteristics of an intertidal marine ecosystem
31
Two types of shallow subtidal marine ecosystems
- Coral reefs
- kelp forest
32
- abundant sunlight reaching the seafloor
- sediment types: sandy, muddy, or rocky substrates
- high primary production
Characteristics of shallow subtidal marine ecosystems
33
Two types of deep water marine ecosystems
- epipelagic
- abyssal zone
34
- sunlight zone
- largest marine ecosystem
- abundant sunlight available
- oxygen levels high
- nutrient levels are variable, depend on currents and vertical mixing and time or year
- no substrate
epipelagic
35
- cold but stable temperature in most areas
- intense heat at hydrothermal vents
- substrate may be soft or hard
- high water pressure
- light does not reach these depths (organisms need alternate energy source)
- nutrient levels variable, depends on what falls from the surface, and what seeps out the vents
- oxygen levels adequate and stable
Abyssal zone
36
Rate of natural increase
population growth rate
37
Range and spatial pattern of individuals
distribution/dispersion
38
number of individuals per unit area or volume
population density
39
organisms moving into a population which causes it to increase
immigration
40
natality
births
41
organisms leaving a population which causes it to decrease
emigration
42
mortality
deaths
43
(births-deaths)+(immigration-emigration)/original population size =
rate of natural increase
44
exponential population growth model
experiencing biotic potential
45
Logistic population growth model
experiencing limiting resources or interactions
46
the maximum number of individuals of a given species the environment can support
carrying capacity (K)
47
growth is slow because the initial population has low density
lag phase
48
growth is accelerating because population density has become greater
exponential phase
49
growth is slowed because the carrying capacity has been reached
deceleration
50
the maximum number of individuals the environment can support has been reached
equilibrium
51
fewer births but more time spent with mother
"K"
52
many births, low survival rate
"r"
53
Density independent factors
- weather
- natural disaster
- environmental
54
Density dependent factors
- disease
- competition
- predation
55
what determines population dispersion and density?
resources and limiting resources
56
anything that meets basic needs or an individual to be successful
resources
57
specific resources that have an effect on where and in what abundance organisms exist
limiting resources
58
dispersal patterns
- clumped
- uniform
- random
59
all of the populations that interact and occupy the same region
community
60
basis for comparison of two or more communities
community structure
61
the number of different species that make up a community
species richness
62
the relative abundance, or proportion of the community each species occupies
species evenness
63
community structure is determined by
individual tolerances
- abiotic interactions (climate, energy
source)
- biotic interactions (competition, predation,
symbiosis)
64
a particular place where a species lives and reproduces
habitat
65
role a species plays in its community, including how it acquires its required resources
ecological niche
66
abiotic conditions without biological interactions
fundamental niche
67
abiotic conditions and biological interactions
realized niche
68
when two or more organisms fight for the same limited resource (shelter, nutrients, water, light)
competition
69
interactions between individual of different species
inter-specific
70
interactions between individual of same species
intra-specific
71
two species CANNOT coexist indefinitely in the same niche
competitive exclusion principle
72
multiple species use a resource in a slightly different way or at different times
resource partitioning
73
individuals of one population consume all or part of the bodies of other individuals in another population
predation/herbivory
74
animal is consumed
predation
75
photosynthetic organism is consumed
herbivory
76
change in allele frequency in a population
microevolution
77
the alleles of genes in all the individuals of a population
gene pool
78
frequency of alleles equation
p + q = 1
79
frequency of genotypes equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
80
conditions that might change the allele frequencies leading to evolution
- new mutations
- natural selection
- non-random mating
- gene flow
- genetic drift
81
changing the order of units within DNA either as single or multiple unit, which can be passes on to subsequent generations
new mutations
82
types of natural selection
- stabilizing
- directional
- disruptive
83
intermediate phenotype favored
stabilizing selection
84
an extreme phenotype is favored
directional selection
85
two or more extreme phenotypes are favored
disruptive selection
86
type of natural selection resulting in variation in ability to obtain mates
sexual selection
87
males and females differ dramatically in size and traits
sexual dimorphism
88
members of on sex compete amongst themselves for access to the opposite sex
intrasexual - fighting to mate
89
members of one sex (usually females) choose among multiple individuals of the opposite sex to mate with
intersexual - attracting females
90
movement of alleles between populations
gene flow
91
a change in allele frequencies that occurs by chance
genetic drift
92
a few individuals break away from a large population to found a new population
founder effect
93
population's size reduced for at least 1 generation
bottleneck effect
94
result of accumulation of micro-evolutionary changes that results in the formation of a new species
macroevolution
95
splitting of one species into two or more species
speciation
96
based on observable physical traits
morphology
97
based on resource needs/use
ecology
98
based on ancestry
phylogeny
99
based on successful offspring
reproduction
100
a species is a set of organisms that look similar to each other and are distinct from other sets
phenetic species concept
101
species that look almost identical but vary in other traits such as habitat use of courtship behavior
cryptic species
102
a species is a population or group of populations that shares a common evolutionary fate through time
evolutionary species concept
103
- members interbreed and have a shared gene pool
- offspring are fertile
- reproductively isolated from all other species
biological species concept
104
unlikely that the mating between two species will occur
prezygotic isolating mechanisms
105
when two species occupy different habitats, even in the same geographical range, less likely to meet and mate
habitat isolation
106
reproducing at a different time of year so do not create offspring
temporal isolation
107
courtship patterns that allow females and males of the same species to recognize one another
behavioral isolation
108
animal genitalia or plant floral structures are incompatible then reproduction cannot occur
mechanical isolation
109
even if gametes do meet fertilization will not occur
gamete isolation
110
operate after the formation of a zygote
postzygotic isolation mechanism
111
hybrid in-viability
zygote death
112
hybrid sterility
zygote cannot reproduce
113
_______ are able to grow into adults but are not able to reproduce viable offspring
hybrids
114
splitting of one species into two or more species over time
modes of speciation
115
eventual result of populations that have been separated by a geographic or other type of physical barrier
allopatric speciation
116
speciation in absence of physical barrier
sympatric speciation
117
a single original species gives rise to a variety of new species, each adapting to a specific environment
adaptive radiation
118
______ years ago earth was in place in the solar system
4.6 billion
119
cooling about ______ years ago caused water vapor to turn to rain > oceans
3.8 billion
120
LUCA
Last Universal Common Ancestor
121
small molecules become
macromolecules
122
small nitrogen based molecules with catalytic properties (enzymes)
Proteinoids
123
evolution of life from single celled organisms: a major player were
cyanobacteria
124
cataclysmic or environmental changes lead to the death of most organisms
mass extinctions (ex. astoids)
125
two major branches of animals
- invertebrates
- vertebrates
126
organisms composed of more than one cell
multicellularity
127
DO NOT have a backbone at any point during their life-cycle
invertebrates
128
have a backbone at some point during their life-cycle
vertebrates
129
only animals that have no tissues or organs
phylum porifera: sponges
130
they have gelatinous mesoglea in between2 layers of cells
jellyfish
131
a lock of body plan or pattern in body shape
asymmetry
132
bodies organized circularly, similar to a wheel
radial symmetry
133
microorganisms engulfed by microgram, enabling new traits/characteristics/functions
endosymbiosis
134
multicellular organisms evolved from single celled protists that lived in colonies
the colonial flagellate hypothesis
135
as larvae or adults, have defined right and left halves
bilateral symmetry
136
three types of coeloms
- no coelom
- pseudocoelom
- true coelom
137
during development mouth develops before anus
protostomes (most invertebrates)
138
during development anus develops before mouth
deuterostomes (all vertebrates)
139
development occurs in 3 stages
1. cleavage
2. fate of blastopore
3. coelom formation
140
an organism develops a head
cephilization
141
develop into different mollusc species
trochophore larvae
142
phylum mollusca all have similar body plans
- visceral mass
- foot
- mantle
- radula
143
only trochophore with segmentation
annelids
144
repetition of body parts along the length of the body
segmentation
145
solar energy > primary producers
photosynthesis
146
chemical energy > primary producers
chemosynthesis
147
how do we measure primary production in the ocean?
- cell counts
- chlorophyll-a concentration
- satellite imagery
- dissolved oxygen
148
single path of energy
food chain
149
location in food chain
trophic level
150
network of interconnected food chains
food web
151
approximately 10% of energy is transferred to each level
energy pyramids
- least abundant (top)
- most abundant (bottom)
152
evaluation of similar physical structures across a variety of species to classify organisms into groups
comparative anatomy
153
sequential ladder of life of increasing complexity
scala naturae
154
each species has an ideal form that is created and unchangeable through time
fixity of a species
155
remains of plants and animals from the past
fossils
156
anatomical structures that functioned in ancestor but no longer do
vestigial structures
157
inheritance of acquired characteristics
Lamarck's theory
158
naturalist and author of "on the origin of species"
Charles Darwin
159
the study of the geographical distribution of organisms throughout the world
biogeography
160
adaptation to the environment and descent with modification
theory of evolution
161
- Biogeographical
- Anatomical
- Developmental Similarities
- Molecular Analysis
- Direct observations of change in frequency
(proportion) of traits in a population.
is current evidence of
natural selection
162
study of diversity of populations at the gene level
population genetics
163
stores genetic information
DNA
164
what structure has one phosphate group and one nitrogenous base?
nucleic acid structure
165
nucleic acid code
ACGT
166
a segment of DNA that holds instructions for a specific characteristic
gene
167
what changes genetic variation?
mutation and sexual reproduction
168
a change in genetic code
mutation
169
heterozygote has phenotype that is in between (mixed).
incomplete dominance
170
heterozygote has phenotype where both alleles are fully expressed.
codominance
171
172
a type of organism that makes up a small proportion of the community yet has a large influence
keystone species
173
human introduced organism to a location where they previously did not occur
non-native species
174
gradual change in a community's species composition
succession
175
occurs where no community previously existed
primary succession
176
occurs where a community is distributed but not destroyed
secondary succession
177
three domains of life
- archaea
- bacteria
- eukaryota
178
- usually found where there is no sunlight
and/or places with lots of decomposing
matter
- derive energy from chemical compounds
chemoautotrophs
179
- Live anywhere that sunlight is available
- Oldest photosynthetic organisms
- Changed ancient atmosphere
- Most abundant primary producer in the
oceans
cyanobacteria
180
Ancient _________ oxygenated the atmosphere with photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
181
a genetic element containing either DNA or RNA that replicates in cells but is characterized by having an extracellular state
marine viruses
182
viruses that infect cells
bacteriophages
183
- Viral reproduction occurs.
- The host cell undergoes lysis.
- Hundreds of virus particles are released.
lytic cycle
184
- Viral reproduction does not occur immediately but may occur in the future.
- Virus becomes integrated into the host genome and may reenter lytic cycle.
- This is known as latency, and the latent viral DNA is called a prophage.
lysogenic cycle
185
can transfer genetic info among bacteria by transduction
genetic transfer
186
what taxonomic group of organisms can photosynthesize
plants, protists, and bacteria
187
which processes are forms or primary production
photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
188
Chemoautotrophic bacteria and Photoautotrophic bacteria are
prokaryotes
189
Microalgae (Phytoplankton) Protists, Macroalgae (seaweed) Protists, Plants (seagrasses) are
eukaryotes
190
characteristics of macroalgae (seaweed)
- thallus
- holdfast
- pneumatocysts
- stipe
- frond
191
what are the two prokaryotic domains?
archaea and bacteria
192
is below domain but above kingdom, combines some species within kingdoms bases on genetics
supergroup
193
- Primarily unicellular
- Go through dramatic bloom and die-offs
- Base of the food chain for pelagic systems
- Primarily reproduce asexually but are also
capable of sexual reproduction.
microalgae
194
- Superphylum Chromalveolata
- Phylum Stramenopiles
- Cell walls composed of silica. Resulting shell
structure called a “frustule”.
Diatoms
195
Diatoms generate oil for
buoyancy
196
- Superphylum Chromalveolata
- Phylum Stramenopiles
- Spherical cell covered with plates made of
calcium carbonate
coccolithophores
197
- Superphylum Chromalveolata
- Phylum Alveolates
- Two flagella, one is wrapped around a groove
in the middle of the cell, mobile. Cellulose.
Dinoflagellates
198
production and emission of light by a living organism.
bioluminescent
199
- Most are freshwater species
- often just one cell thick
- Photosynthetic pigments dominated by chlorophyll a
- Store energy as starch
- Cellulose in cell walls
Green algae
200
- Photosynthetic pigments different from true plants
- Store energy as starch
- Cellulose, agar and carrageenan in cell walls.
Red algae
201
- Photosynthetic pigments different from true plants (Fucoxanthin).
- Store energy as Laminarin which is made of glucose and mannitol.
- Cellulose and alginic acid (algin) in cell walls.
Brown algae
202
What marine ecosystems do you find a significant amount of macroalgae?
- Rocky Intertidal
- Rocky subtidal (kelp forests)
- Coral reefs
203
What photopigments are dominant in the
macroalgae group phaeophyta?
fucoxanthin
204
Angiosperms are
Flowering Plants
205
- embryo protection, nutrient transfer
from parent plant.
- Adaptations for a terrestrial lifestyle
Kingdom plantae
206
all marine plants are
angiosperms
207
organisms that require inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source. AKA Producers
autotrophs
208
Organisms that require preformed organic nutrients they use as an energy source. AKA Consumers
Heterotrophs
209
organisms that feed on detritus which consists of small fragments of organic matter.
Do not convert organic > inorganic.
Heterotrophic Detritovores
210
organisms that acquire energy by breaking down dead organic matter externally back into inorganic forms.
Heterotrophic Decomposers
211
Autotrophs, heterotrophs, detritovores and
decomposers all conduct _______
cellular respiration
212
100% of the organic chemical energy created by autotrophs.
Gross Primary Production
213
what remains after subtracting the autotrophs
energy requirements
Net Primary Production
214
2/3 of all ______ are marine polychaetes
annelids
215
outer covering that protects and supports animal and is periodically shed to allow growth
cuticle
216
molting, also called
ecdysis
217
The embryonic notochord is replaced during
development by individual cartilage/bone
tissue structures called
vertebrae
218
Internal Organs in chordate vertebrates exist in __________________ and there is a complete digestive tract
large coelom
219
Agnathans
jawless fishes
220
sharks, rays, skates
cartilaginous fishes
221
bony fishes
- ray finned
- lobe-finned
222
development internally reliant on placenta, organ that specializes in transferring substances between maternal and fetal blood
Placental mammals
223
A great white shark is an example of a
cartilaginous fish
