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MAR > MAR Final > Flashcards

MAR Final Flashcards

1
Q

the community of populations and the abiotic environment

A

ecosystem

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2
Q

the study of how living things are influence and are influenced by their environment, interact with each other, and change over time

A

ecology

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3
Q

all the organisms within an area of the same species

A

population

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4
Q

non-living aspects of the environment

A

abiotic

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5
Q

living aspects of the environment

A

biotic

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6
Q

the storage of energy through the formation of organic matter from inorganic carbon compounds. Carried out by autotrophic organisms

A

Primary production

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7
Q

Mechanism of evolutionary change caused by environmental selection of organisms that have heritable variation and compete for resources and are most fit to reproduce, results in adaptation to the environment

A

Natural selection

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8
Q

Genetic change in a species over time resulting in the development of genetic and phenotypic differences that are the basis of natural selection

A

Evolution

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9
Q

Process by which scientists formulate a hypothesis, gather data by observation and experimentation, and come to a conclusion.

A

The scientific method

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10
Q

number of subjects in a treatment or control group

A

Sample size

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11
Q

manipulated by the investigator to determine whether it influences the dependent variable

A

Independent variable

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12
Q

what axis is the independent variable on?

A

X-axis

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13
Q

Measured by the investigator to determine whether it is influenced by the dependent variable

A

Dependent variable

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14
Q

what axis is the dependent variable on?

A

Y-axis

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15
Q

Intentionally held constant by the investigator for all subjects in the experiment

A

Standardized variable

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16
Q

Basis for comparison to treatment group(s)

A

Control

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17
Q

Sum of all values divided by the total number of values

A

Arithmetic mean

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18
Q

The central value in a data set

A

Median

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19
Q

The value that occurs most often in a data set

A

Mode

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20
Q
  • organization
  • requires energy
  • homeostasis
  • respond (behaviors)
  • reproduce
  • adapt
A

characteristics of life

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21
Q

the act of keeping the state of internal balance in an organisms

A

Homeostasis

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22
Q

Hierarchal organization

A

organism > population > community > ecosystem

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23
Q

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryote

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24
Q

cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryote

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25
Q

What gives us tides?

A

Gravitational pull of the moon + rotation

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26
Q

the differences in air temperature leads to wind because of

A

density differences

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27
Q

Wind leads to water movement causing ocean

A

currents and waves

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28
Q

three types of marine Ecosystems

A
  • Intertidal
  • coastal/shallow subtidal
  • oceanic
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29
Q

Examples of intertidal marine ecosystems

A
  • Rocky intertidal
  • mudflat
  • estuary
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30
Q
  • alternately flooded in water and exposed out of water by tide
  • fluctuating temperatures and light intensity
  • abundant nutrients because close to coast
A

Characteristics of an intertidal marine ecosystem

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31
Q

Two types of shallow subtidal marine ecosystems

A
  • Coral reefs
  • kelp forest
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32
Q
  • abundant sunlight reaching the seafloor
  • sediment types: sandy, muddy, or rocky substrates
  • high primary production
A

Characteristics of shallow subtidal marine ecosystems

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33
Q

Two types of deep water marine ecosystems

A
  • epipelagic
  • abyssal zone
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34
Q
  • sunlight zone
  • largest marine ecosystem
  • abundant sunlight available
  • oxygen levels high
  • nutrient levels are variable, depend on currents and vertical mixing and time or year
  • no substrate
A

epipelagic

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35
Q
  • cold but stable temperature in most areas
  • intense heat at hydrothermal vents
  • substrate may be soft or hard
  • high water pressure
  • light does not reach these depths (organisms need alternate energy source)
  • nutrient levels variable, depends on what falls from the surface, and what seeps out the vents
  • oxygen levels adequate and stable
A

Abyssal zone

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36
Q

Rate of natural increase

A

population growth rate

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37
Q

Range and spatial pattern of individuals

A

distribution/dispersion

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38
Q

number of individuals per unit area or volume

A

population density

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39
Q

organisms moving into a population which causes it to increase

A

immigration

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40
Q

natality

A

births

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41
Q

organisms leaving a population which causes it to decrease

A

emigration

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42
Q

mortality

A

deaths

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43
Q

(births-deaths)+(immigration-emigration)/original population size =

A

rate of natural increase

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44
Q

exponential population growth model

A

experiencing biotic potential

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45
Q

Logistic population growth model

A

experiencing limiting resources or interactions

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46
Q

the maximum number of individuals of a given species the environment can support

A

carrying capacity (K)

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47
Q

growth is slow because the initial population has low density

A

lag phase

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48
Q

growth is accelerating because population density has become greater

A

exponential phase

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49
Q

growth is slowed because the carrying capacity has been reached

A

deceleration

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50
Q

the maximum number of individuals the environment can support has been reached

A

equilibrium

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51
Q

fewer births but more time spent with mother

A

“K”

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52
Q

many births, low survival rate

A

“r”

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53
Q

Density independent factors

A
  • weather
  • natural disaster
  • environmental
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54
Q

Density dependent factors

A
  • disease
  • competition
  • predation
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55
Q

what determines population dispersion and density?

A

resources and limiting resources

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56
Q

anything that meets basic needs or an individual to be successful

A

resources

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57
Q

specific resources that have an effect on where and in what abundance organisms exist

A

limiting resources

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58
Q

dispersal patterns

A
  • clumped
  • uniform
  • random
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59
Q

all of the populations that interact and occupy the same region

A

community

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60
Q

basis for comparison of two or more communities

A

community structure

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61
Q

the number of different species that make up a community

A

species richness

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62
Q

the relative abundance, or proportion of the community each species occupies

A

species evenness

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63
Q

community structure is determined by

A

individual tolerances
- abiotic interactions (climate, energy
source)
- biotic interactions (competition, predation,
symbiosis)

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64
Q

a particular place where a species lives and reproduces

A

habitat

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65
Q

role a species plays in its community, including how it acquires its required resources

A

ecological niche

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66
Q

abiotic conditions without biological interactions

A

fundamental niche

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67
Q

abiotic conditions and biological interactions

A

realized niche

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68
Q

when two or more organisms fight for the same limited resource (shelter, nutrients, water, light)

A

competition

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69
Q

interactions between individual of different species

A

inter-specific

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70
Q

interactions between individual of same species

A

intra-specific

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71
Q

two species CANNOT coexist indefinitely in the same niche

A

competitive exclusion principle

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72
Q

multiple species use a resource in a slightly different way or at different times

A

resource partitioning

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73
Q

individuals of one population consume all or part of the bodies of other individuals in another population

A

predation/herbivory

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74
Q

animal is consumed

A

predation

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75
Q

photosynthetic organism is consumed

A

herbivory

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76
Q

change in allele frequency in a population

A

microevolution

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77
Q

the alleles of genes in all the individuals of a population

A

gene pool

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78
Q

frequency of alleles equation

A

p + q = 1

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79
Q

frequency of genotypes equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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80
Q

conditions that might change the allele frequencies leading to evolution

A
  • new mutations
  • natural selection
  • non-random mating
  • gene flow
  • genetic drift
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81
Q

changing the order of units within DNA either as single or multiple unit, which can be passes on to subsequent generations

A

new mutations

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82
Q

types of natural selection

A
  • stabilizing
  • directional
  • disruptive
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83
Q

intermediate phenotype favored

A

stabilizing selection

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84
Q

an extreme phenotype is favored

A

directional selection

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85
Q

two or more extreme phenotypes are favored

A

disruptive selection

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86
Q

type of natural selection resulting in variation in ability to obtain mates

A

sexual selection

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87
Q

males and females differ dramatically in size and traits

A

sexual dimorphism

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88
Q

members of on sex compete amongst themselves for access to the opposite sex

A

intrasexual - fighting to mate

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89
Q

members of one sex (usually females) choose among multiple individuals of the opposite sex to mate with

A

intersexual - attracting females

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90
Q

movement of alleles between populations

A

gene flow

91
Q

a change in allele frequencies that occurs by chance

A

genetic drift

92
Q

a few individuals break away from a large population to found a new population

A

founder effect

93
Q

population’s size reduced for at least 1 generation

A

bottleneck effect

94
Q

result of accumulation of micro-evolutionary changes that results in the formation of a new species

A

macroevolution

95
Q

splitting of one species into two or more species

A

speciation

96
Q

based on observable physical traits

A

morphology

97
Q

based on resource needs/use

A

ecology

98
Q

based on ancestry

A

phylogeny

99
Q

based on successful offspring

A

reproduction

100
Q

a species is a set of organisms that look similar to each other and are distinct from other sets

A

phenetic species concept

101
Q

species that look almost identical but vary in other traits such as habitat use of courtship behavior

A

cryptic species

102
Q

a species is a population or group of populations that shares a common evolutionary fate through time

A

evolutionary species concept

103
Q
  • members interbreed and have a shared gene pool
  • offspring are fertile
  • reproductively isolated from all other species
A

biological species concept

104
Q

unlikely that the mating between two species will occur

A

prezygotic isolating mechanisms

105
Q

when two species occupy different habitats, even in the same geographical range, less likely to meet and mate

A

habitat isolation

106
Q

reproducing at a different time of year so do not create offspring

A

temporal isolation

107
Q

courtship patterns that allow females and males of the same species to recognize one another

A

behavioral isolation

108
Q

animal genitalia or plant floral structures are incompatible then reproduction cannot occur

A

mechanical isolation

109
Q

even if gametes do meet fertilization will not occur

A

gamete isolation

110
Q

operate after the formation of a zygote

A

postzygotic isolation mechanism

111
Q

hybrid in-viability

A

zygote death

112
Q

hybrid sterility

A

zygote cannot reproduce

113
Q

_______ are able to grow into adults but are not able to reproduce viable offspring

A

hybrids

114
Q

splitting of one species into two or more species over time

A

modes of speciation

115
Q

eventual result of populations that have been separated by a geographic or other type of physical barrier

A

allopatric speciation

116
Q

speciation in absence of physical barrier

A

sympatric speciation

117
Q

a single original species gives rise to a variety of new species, each adapting to a specific environment

A

adaptive radiation

118
Q

______ years ago earth was in place in the solar system

A

4.6 billion

119
Q

cooling about ______ years ago caused water vapor to turn to rain > oceans

A

3.8 billion

120
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

121
Q

small molecules become

A

macromolecules

122
Q

small nitrogen based molecules with catalytic properties (enzymes)

A

Proteinoids

123
Q

evolution of life from single celled organisms: a major player were

A

cyanobacteria

124
Q

cataclysmic or environmental changes lead to the death of most organisms

A

mass extinctions (ex. astoids)

125
Q

two major branches of animals

A
  • invertebrates
  • vertebrates
126
Q

organisms composed of more than one cell

A

multicellularity

127
Q

DO NOT have a backbone at any point during their life-cycle

A

invertebrates

128
Q

have a backbone at some point during their life-cycle

A

vertebrates

129
Q

only animals that have no tissues or organs

A

phylum porifera: sponges

130
Q

they have gelatinous mesoglea in between2 layers of cells

A

jellyfish

131
Q

a lock of body plan or pattern in body shape

A

asymmetry

132
Q

bodies organized circularly, similar to a wheel

A

radial symmetry

133
Q

microorganisms engulfed by microgram, enabling new traits/characteristics/functions

A

endosymbiosis

134
Q

multicellular organisms evolved from single celled protists that lived in colonies

A

the colonial flagellate hypothesis

135
Q

as larvae or adults, have defined right and left halves

A

bilateral symmetry

136
Q

three types of coeloms

A
  • no coelom
  • pseudocoelom
  • true coelom
137
Q

during development mouth develops before anus

A

protostomes (most invertebrates)

138
Q

during development anus develops before mouth

A

deuterostomes (all vertebrates)

139
Q

development occurs in 3 stages

A
  1. cleavage
  2. fate of blastopore
  3. coelom formation
140
Q

an organism develops a head

A

cephilization

141
Q

develop into different mollusc species

A

trochophore larvae

142
Q

phylum mollusca all have similar body plans

A
  • visceral mass
  • foot
  • mantle
  • radula
143
Q

only trochophore with segmentation

A

annelids

144
Q

repetition of body parts along the length of the body

A

segmentation

145
Q

solar energy > primary producers

A

photosynthesis

146
Q

chemical energy > primary producers

A

chemosynthesis

147
Q

how do we measure primary production in the ocean?

A
  • cell counts
  • chlorophyll-a concentration
  • satellite imagery
  • dissolved oxygen
148
Q

single path of energy

A

food chain

149
Q

location in food chain

A

trophic level

150
Q

network of interconnected food chains

A

food web

151
Q

approximately 10% of energy is transferred to each level

A

energy pyramids
- least abundant (top)
- most abundant (bottom)

152
Q

evaluation of similar physical structures across a variety of species to classify organisms into groups

A

comparative anatomy

153
Q

sequential ladder of life of increasing complexity

A

scala naturae

154
Q

each species has an ideal form that is created and unchangeable through time

A

fixity of a species

155
Q

remains of plants and animals from the past

A

fossils

156
Q

anatomical structures that functioned in ancestor but no longer do

A

vestigial structures

157
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Lamarck’s theory

158
Q

naturalist and author of “on the origin of species”

A

Charles Darwin

159
Q

the study of the geographical distribution of organisms throughout the world

A

biogeography

160
Q

adaptation to the environment and descent with modification

A

theory of evolution

161
Q
  • Biogeographical
  • Anatomical
  • Developmental Similarities
  • Molecular Analysis
  • Direct observations of change in frequency
    (proportion) of traits in a population.

is current evidence of

A

natural selection

162
Q

study of diversity of populations at the gene level

A

population genetics

163
Q

stores genetic information

A

DNA

164
Q

what structure has one phosphate group and one nitrogenous base?

A

nucleic acid structure

165
Q

nucleic acid code

A

ACGT

166
Q

a segment of DNA that holds instructions for a specific characteristic

A

gene

167
Q

what changes genetic variation?

A

mutation and sexual reproduction

168
Q

a change in genetic code

A

mutation

169
Q

heterozygote has phenotype that is in between (mixed).

A

incomplete dominance

170
Q

heterozygote has phenotype where both alleles are fully expressed.

A

codominance

171
Q
A
172
Q

a type of organism that makes up a small proportion of the community yet has a large influence

A

keystone species

173
Q

human introduced organism to a location where they previously did not occur

A

non-native species

174
Q

gradual change in a community’s species composition

A

succession

175
Q

occurs where no community previously existed

A

primary succession

176
Q

occurs where a community is distributed but not destroyed

A

secondary succession

177
Q

three domains of life

A
  • archaea
  • bacteria
  • eukaryota
178
Q
  • usually found where there is no sunlight
    and/or places with lots of decomposing
    matter
  • derive energy from chemical compounds
A

chemoautotrophs

179
Q
  • Live anywhere that sunlight is available
  • Oldest photosynthetic organisms
  • Changed ancient atmosphere
  • Most abundant primary producer in the
    oceans
A

cyanobacteria

180
Q

Ancient _________ oxygenated the atmosphere with photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria

181
Q

a genetic element containing either DNA or RNA that replicates in cells but is characterized by having an extracellular state

A

marine viruses

182
Q

viruses that infect cells

A

bacteriophages

183
Q
  • Viral reproduction occurs.
  • The host cell undergoes lysis.
  • Hundreds of virus particles are released.
A

lytic cycle

184
Q
  • Viral reproduction does not occur immediately but may occur in the future.
  • Virus becomes integrated into the host genome and may reenter lytic cycle.
  • This is known as latency, and the latent viral DNA is called a prophage.
A

lysogenic cycle

185
Q

can transfer genetic info among bacteria by transduction

A

genetic transfer

186
Q

what taxonomic group of organisms can photosynthesize

A

plants, protists, and bacteria

187
Q

which processes are forms or primary production

A

photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

188
Q

Chemoautotrophic bacteria and Photoautotrophic bacteria are

A

prokaryotes

189
Q

Microalgae (Phytoplankton) Protists, Macroalgae (seaweed) Protists, Plants (seagrasses) are

A

eukaryotes

190
Q

characteristics of macroalgae (seaweed)

A
  • thallus
  • holdfast
  • pneumatocysts
  • stipe
  • frond
191
Q

what are the two prokaryotic domains?

A

archaea and bacteria

192
Q

is below domain but above kingdom, combines some species within kingdoms bases on genetics

A

supergroup

193
Q
  • Primarily unicellular
  • Go through dramatic bloom and die-offs
  • Base of the food chain for pelagic systems
  • Primarily reproduce asexually but are also
    capable of sexual reproduction.
A

microalgae

194
Q
  • Superphylum Chromalveolata
  • Phylum Stramenopiles
  • Cell walls composed of silica. Resulting shell
    structure called a “frustule”.
A

Diatoms

195
Q

Diatoms generate oil for

A

buoyancy

196
Q
  • Superphylum Chromalveolata
  • Phylum Stramenopiles
  • Spherical cell covered with plates made of
    calcium carbonate
A

coccolithophores

197
Q
  • Superphylum Chromalveolata
  • Phylum Alveolates
  • Two flagella, one is wrapped around a groove
    in the middle of the cell, mobile. Cellulose.
A

Dinoflagellates

198
Q

production and emission of light by a living organism.

A

bioluminescent

199
Q
  • Most are freshwater species
  • often just one cell thick
  • Photosynthetic pigments dominated by chlorophyll a
  • Store energy as starch
  • Cellulose in cell walls
A

Green algae

200
Q
  • Photosynthetic pigments different from true plants
  • Store energy as starch
  • Cellulose, agar and carrageenan in cell walls.
A

Red algae

201
Q
  • Photosynthetic pigments different from true plants (Fucoxanthin).
  • Store energy as Laminarin which is made of glucose and mannitol.
  • Cellulose and alginic acid (algin) in cell walls.
A

Brown algae

202
Q

What marine ecosystems do you find a significant amount of macroalgae?

A
  • Rocky Intertidal
  • Rocky subtidal (kelp forests)
  • Coral reefs
203
Q

What photopigments are dominant in the
macroalgae group phaeophyta?

A

fucoxanthin

204
Q

Angiosperms are

A

Flowering Plants

205
Q
  • embryo protection, nutrient transfer
    from parent plant.
  • Adaptations for a terrestrial lifestyle
A

Kingdom plantae

206
Q

all marine plants are

A

angiosperms

207
Q

organisms that require inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source. AKA Producers

A

autotrophs

208
Q

Organisms that require preformed organic nutrients they use as an energy source. AKA Consumers

A

Heterotrophs

209
Q

organisms that feed on detritus which consists of small fragments of organic matter.

Do not convert organic > inorganic.

A

Heterotrophic Detritovores

210
Q

organisms that acquire energy by breaking down dead organic matter externally back into inorganic forms.

A

Heterotrophic Decomposers

211
Q

Autotrophs, heterotrophs, detritovores and
decomposers all conduct _______

A

cellular respiration

212
Q

100% of the organic chemical energy created by autotrophs.

A

Gross Primary Production

213
Q

what remains after subtracting the autotrophs
energy requirements

A

Net Primary Production

214
Q

2/3 of all ______ are marine polychaetes

A

annelids

215
Q

outer covering that protects and supports animal and is periodically shed to allow growth

A

cuticle

216
Q

molting, also called

A

ecdysis

217
Q

The embryonic notochord is replaced during
development by individual cartilage/bone
tissue structures called

A

vertebrae

218
Q

Internal Organs in chordate vertebrates exist in __________________ and there is a complete digestive tract

A

large coelom

219
Q

Agnathans

A

jawless fishes

220
Q

sharks, rays, skates

A

cartilaginous fishes

221
Q

bony fishes

A
  • ray finned
  • lobe-finned
222
Q

development internally reliant on placenta, organ that specializes in transferring substances between maternal and fetal blood

A

Placental mammals

223
Q

A great white shark is an example of a

A

cartilaginous fish

MAR (1 decks)

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