mar final Flashcards
biology
characteristics of life
ecology
abiotic characteristics
biotic characteristics
resources
aquatic abiotic factors
terrestrial and abiotic characteristics
why does earth have such diverse life?
location, spherical shape, gravitational pull of moon
why do we have different ecosystems?
differences in sunlight intensity leads to differences in warming
how do winds form?
difference in warming leads to different temperatures of air; different air temperatures lead to density differences
what causes ocean currents and waves?
air movement, wind
why is there seasonal temperature variability?
earth’s orbit
what is earth’s tilt?
23.5
what causes tides?
gravitational pull of the moon
3 types of marine ecosystems
intertidal, coastal/shallow subtidal, oceanic
intertidal marine ecosystems (characteristics)
3 types of intertidal marine ecosystems
rocky intertidal, mudflat, estuary
rocky intertidal characteristics
mudflat characteristics
estuary characteristics
2 shallow subtidal marine ecosystems
coral reef, kelp forest
coral reef ecosystem characteristics
kelp forest ecosystem characteristics
2 deep water marine ecosystems
epipelagic, abyssal zone
epipelagic zone characteristics
abyssal zone characteristics
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
population growth rates
distribution/dispersion
population density
2 increases to population size
2 decreases to population size
immigration
natality
emigration
mortality
rate of natural increase “r”
biotic potential
high vs low biotic potential
maximum rate of increase “r”
exponential population growth model
logistic population growth model
carrying capacity
lag phase
exponential phase
deceleration
equilibrium
r strategists
k strategists
density independent factors
density dependent factors
what determines population dispersion and density?
resources
resources
limiting resources
3 dispersal patterns
clumped, uniform, random
clumped dispersal pattern
uniform dispersal pattern
random dispersal pattern
age structure diagrams
life history cycle graph
factors that determine community diversity
community structure
2 components of community diversity
species richness, species evenness
species richness
species evenness
community structure is determined by
abiotic (non-living) interactions that determine community structure
biotic (living) interactions that determine community structure
habitat
ecological niche
fundamental niche
realized niche
competition
intra-specific competition
inter-specific competition
competitive exclusion principle
resource partitioning
predation
herbivory
predation/herbivory as a biological interaction
herbivory defenses
predation defenses
predator adaptations
prey defenses
predation/herbivory cycles
symbiosis
mutualistic
commensal
parasitic
factors that determine community diversity
species of significance (keystone species), non-native species, disturbance and succession, primary production and efficient transfer of energy
keystone species
non-native species
succession
primary succession
secondary succession
3 domains of life
bacteria, eukaryota, archaea
2 types of autotrophs in domain Prokarya
chemoautotrophs (chemicals) and photoautotrophs (solar energy)
chemoautotrophs
cyanobacteria
example of cyanobacteria
trichodesmium
3 forms of cyanobacteria
25% of net primary production
prochlorococcus and synechococcus
marine virus
virus
virus intracellular stage and replication cycle
bacteriophages
lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle
ecological and biogeochemical importance of viruses
new pathway of C and N cycling for primary producers and consumers, algal bloom control, may “rob” larger grazers of food, may shape global climate, genetic transfer, regulate diversity in bacteria and phytoplankton
which taxonomic groups can photosynthesize
plants, protists, and bacteria
which processes are forms of primary production
photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
2 types of prokaryotic primary producers
chemoautotrophic bacteria, photoautotrophic bacteria
3 types of eukaryotic primary producers
microalgae protists (phytoplankton), macroalgae protists (seaweed), plants (seagrasses)
characteristics of macroalgae (seaweed)
thallus, holdfast, pneumatocysts, stipe, frond
how are macroalgae groups determined?
pigments and other morphological and reproductive characteristics
3 groups of macroalgae
green algae, red algae, brown algae
green algae
chlorophyta, chlorophyll a, store energy as start, cellulose in cell walls
red algae
rhodophyta, chlorophyll a and phycobillins, store energy as starch, cellulose and agar and carrageenan in cell walls
brown algae
phaeophyta, chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin, store energy as laminarin, cellulose and algin in cell walls
what marine ecosystems can you find a significant amount of macroalgae?
rocky intertidal, rocky subtidal (kelp forests), coral reefs
kingdom plantae
what are all marine plants?
angiosperms and vascularized
angiosperms
flowering plants
examples of angiosperms/marine plants
mangrove trees and shrubs, salt marsh plants, dune plants, seagrasses
adaptations of marine plants
complex root systems for stability and acquisition of resources, salt storage and elimination, tough waxy leaves and outer cuticle
autotrophs
examples of autotrophs
heterotrophs
3 types of heterotrophs
herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
heterotrophic detritovores
examples of heterotrophic detritovores
heterotrophic decomposers
examples of heterotrophic decomposers
primary production
photosynthesis
chemosynthesis
aerobic cellular respiration
gross primary production
net primary production
what areas have the highest rates of primary production
do areas of upwelling have high primary production
yes, deep water contains nutrients
do the seasons affect the rate of primary production?
yes, higher in summer - more sun=more photosynthesis
what zone is the main source of primary production
euphotic zone
how does the abyssal zone receive primary production
chemosynthesis
how do we measure primary production in the ocean?
cell counts (microscopy), chlorophyll a concentration, satellite imagery, dissolved oxygen, c14 uptake
how does energy transfer from producers to consumers?
food chain
trophic level
food web
energy pyramids
evolution
adaptation to environment
“descent with modification”
gene
genotype
phenotype
how to understand relatedness of organisms?
extant organisms, fossils of organisms
comparative anatomy
scala naturae
“fixity” of a species
fossils
catastrophism
extinction
vestigial structures
Lamark’s theory
“inheritance of acquired characteristics
“inheritance of acquired characteristics”
Malthus
Charles Darwin
biogeography
Darwin’s essential observations
Wallace’s essential observations
theory of evolution
current evidence for natural selection
biogeographical, anatomical, developmental similarities, molecular analysis, direct observations of change in frequency (proportion) of traits in a population
population genetics
microevolution
change in allele frequency in a population
nucleic acids
DNA
nucleic acid structure
one phosphate group and one nitrogenous base
nitrogenous base types
allele
alternative forms of a gene (dominant and recessive)
2 causes of genetic variation
mutation, sexual reproduction
mutation
a change in genetic code (creates genetic variation)
sexual reproduction
leads to different combinations of alleles, offspring have different alleles than parents (maintain variation)
incomplete dominance
heterozygote has phenotypes that is in between (mixed)
codominance
heterozygote has phenotype where both alleles are fully expressed (cow - black and white)
gene pool
the alleles of genes in all the individuals of a population
frequency of alleles, incomplete or codominance
p + q = 1
frequency of genotypes, complete dominance
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
5 assumptions of hardy-weinberg equilibrium
- no selection
- no mutation
- no migration
- large population
- random mating
conditions that might change the allele frequencies leading to evolution
- new mutations
- natural selection
- non-random mating
- gene flow
- genetic drift
new mutations
changing the order of units within DNA either as single or multiple units which can be passed on to subsequent generations
