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mar final Flashcards

1
Q

biology

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2
Q

characteristics of life

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3
Q

ecology

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4
Q

abiotic characteristics

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5
Q

biotic characteristics

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6
Q

resources

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7
Q

aquatic abiotic factors

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8
Q

terrestrial and abiotic characteristics

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9
Q

why does earth have such diverse life?

A

location, spherical shape, gravitational pull of moon

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10
Q

why do we have different ecosystems?

A

differences in sunlight intensity leads to differences in warming

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11
Q

how do winds form?

A

difference in warming leads to different temperatures of air; different air temperatures lead to density differences

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12
Q

what causes ocean currents and waves?

A

air movement, wind

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13
Q

why is there seasonal temperature variability?

A

earth’s orbit

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14
Q

what is earth’s tilt?

A

23.5

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15
Q

what causes tides?

A

gravitational pull of the moon

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16
Q

3 types of marine ecosystems

A

intertidal, coastal/shallow subtidal, oceanic

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17
Q

intertidal marine ecosystems (characteristics)

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18
Q

3 types of intertidal marine ecosystems

A

rocky intertidal, mudflat, estuary

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19
Q

rocky intertidal characteristics

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20
Q

mudflat characteristics

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21
Q

estuary characteristics

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22
Q

2 shallow subtidal marine ecosystems

A

coral reef, kelp forest

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23
Q

coral reef ecosystem characteristics

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24
Q

kelp forest ecosystem characteristics

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25
Q

2 deep water marine ecosystems

A

epipelagic, abyssal zone

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26
Q

epipelagic zone characteristics

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27
Q

abyssal zone characteristics

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28
Q

organism

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29
Q

population

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30
Q

community

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31
Q

ecosystem

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32
Q

biosphere

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33
Q

population growth rates

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34
Q

distribution/dispersion

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35
Q

population density

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36
Q

2 increases to population size

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37
Q

2 decreases to population size

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38
Q

immigration

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39
Q

natality

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40
Q

emigration

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41
Q

mortality

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42
Q

rate of natural increase “r”

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43
Q

biotic potential

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44
Q

high vs low biotic potential

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45
Q

maximum rate of increase “r”

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46
Q

exponential population growth model

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47
Q

logistic population growth model

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48
Q

carrying capacity

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49
Q

lag phase

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50
Q

exponential phase

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51
Q

deceleration

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52
Q

equilibrium

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53
Q

r strategists

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54
Q

k strategists

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55
Q

density independent factors

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56
Q

density dependent factors

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57
Q

what determines population dispersion and density?

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resources

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58
Q

resources

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59
Q

limiting resources

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60
Q

3 dispersal patterns

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clumped, uniform, random

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61
Q

clumped dispersal pattern

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62
Q

uniform dispersal pattern

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63
Q

random dispersal pattern

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64
Q

age structure diagrams

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65
Q

life history cycle graph

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66
Q

factors that determine community diversity

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67
Q

community structure

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68
Q

2 components of community diversity

A

species richness, species evenness

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69
Q

species richness

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70
Q

species evenness

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71
Q

community structure is determined by

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72
Q

abiotic (non-living) interactions that determine community structure

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73
Q

biotic (living) interactions that determine community structure

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74
Q

habitat

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75
Q

ecological niche

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76
Q

fundamental niche

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77
Q

realized niche

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78
Q

competition

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79
Q

intra-specific competition

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80
Q

inter-specific competition

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81
Q

competitive exclusion principle

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82
Q

resource partitioning

A
83
Q

predation

A
84
Q

herbivory

A
85
Q

predation/herbivory as a biological interaction

A
86
Q

herbivory defenses

A
87
Q

predation defenses

A
88
Q

predator adaptations

A
89
Q

prey defenses

A
90
Q

predation/herbivory cycles

A
91
Q

symbiosis

A
92
Q

mutualistic

A
93
Q

commensal

A
94
Q

parasitic

A
95
Q

factors that determine community diversity

A

species of significance (keystone species), non-native species, disturbance and succession, primary production and efficient transfer of energy

96
Q

keystone species

A
97
Q

non-native species

A
98
Q

succession

A
99
Q

primary succession

A
100
Q

secondary succession

A
101
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, eukaryota, archaea

102
Q

2 types of autotrophs in domain Prokarya

A

chemoautotrophs (chemicals) and photoautotrophs (solar energy)

103
Q

chemoautotrophs

A
104
Q

cyanobacteria

A
105
Q

example of cyanobacteria

A

trichodesmium

106
Q

3 forms of cyanobacteria

A
107
Q

25% of net primary production

A

prochlorococcus and synechococcus

108
Q

marine virus

A
109
Q

virus

A
110
Q

virus intracellular stage and replication cycle

A
111
Q

bacteriophages

A
112
Q

lytic cycle

A
113
Q

lysogenic cycle

A
114
Q

ecological and biogeochemical importance of viruses

A

new pathway of C and N cycling for primary producers and consumers, algal bloom control, may “rob” larger grazers of food, may shape global climate, genetic transfer, regulate diversity in bacteria and phytoplankton

115
Q

which taxonomic groups can photosynthesize

A

plants, protists, and bacteria

116
Q

which processes are forms of primary production

A

photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

117
Q

2 types of prokaryotic primary producers

A

chemoautotrophic bacteria, photoautotrophic bacteria

118
Q

3 types of eukaryotic primary producers

A

microalgae protists (phytoplankton), macroalgae protists (seaweed), plants (seagrasses)

119
Q

characteristics of macroalgae (seaweed)

A

thallus, holdfast, pneumatocysts, stipe, frond

120
Q

how are macroalgae groups determined?

A

pigments and other morphological and reproductive characteristics

121
Q

3 groups of macroalgae

A

green algae, red algae, brown algae

122
Q

green algae

A

chlorophyta, chlorophyll a, store energy as start, cellulose in cell walls

123
Q

red algae

A

rhodophyta, chlorophyll a and phycobillins, store energy as starch, cellulose and agar and carrageenan in cell walls

124
Q

brown algae

A

phaeophyta, chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin, store energy as laminarin, cellulose and algin in cell walls

125
Q

what marine ecosystems can you find a significant amount of macroalgae?

A

rocky intertidal, rocky subtidal (kelp forests), coral reefs

126
Q

kingdom plantae

A
127
Q

what are all marine plants?

A

angiosperms and vascularized

128
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants

129
Q

examples of angiosperms/marine plants

A

mangrove trees and shrubs, salt marsh plants, dune plants, seagrasses

130
Q

adaptations of marine plants

A

complex root systems for stability and acquisition of resources, salt storage and elimination, tough waxy leaves and outer cuticle

131
Q

autotrophs

A
132
Q

examples of autotrophs

A
133
Q

heterotrophs

A
134
Q

3 types of heterotrophs

A
135
Q

herbivores

A
136
Q

carnivores

A
137
Q

omnivores

A
138
Q

heterotrophic detritovores

A
139
Q

examples of heterotrophic detritovores

A
140
Q

heterotrophic decomposers

A
141
Q

examples of heterotrophic decomposers

A
142
Q

primary production

A
143
Q

photosynthesis

A
144
Q

chemosynthesis

A
145
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A
146
Q

gross primary production

A
147
Q

net primary production

A
148
Q

what areas have the highest rates of primary production

A
149
Q

do areas of upwelling have high primary production

A

yes, deep water contains nutrients

150
Q

do the seasons affect the rate of primary production?

A

yes, higher in summer - more sun=more photosynthesis

151
Q

what zone is the main source of primary production

A

euphotic zone

152
Q

how does the abyssal zone receive primary production

A

chemosynthesis

153
Q

how do we measure primary production in the ocean?

A

cell counts (microscopy), chlorophyll a concentration, satellite imagery, dissolved oxygen, c14 uptake

154
Q

how does energy transfer from producers to consumers?

A
155
Q

food chain

A
156
Q

trophic level

A
157
Q

food web

A
158
Q

energy pyramids

A
159
Q

evolution

A
160
Q

adaptation to environment

A
161
Q

“descent with modification”

A
162
Q

gene

A
163
Q

genotype

A
164
Q

phenotype

A
165
Q

how to understand relatedness of organisms?

A

extant organisms, fossils of organisms

166
Q
A
167
Q

comparative anatomy

A
168
Q

scala naturae

A
169
Q

“fixity” of a species

A
170
Q

fossils

A
171
Q

catastrophism

A
172
Q

extinction

A
173
Q

vestigial structures

A
174
Q

Lamark’s theory

A

“inheritance of acquired characteristics

175
Q

“inheritance of acquired characteristics”

A
176
Q

Malthus

A
177
Q

Charles Darwin

A
178
Q

biogeography

A
179
Q

Darwin’s essential observations

A
180
Q

Wallace’s essential observations

A
181
Q

theory of evolution

A
182
Q

current evidence for natural selection

A

biogeographical, anatomical, developmental similarities, molecular analysis, direct observations of change in frequency (proportion) of traits in a population

183
Q

population genetics

A
184
Q

microevolution

A

change in allele frequency in a population

185
Q

nucleic acids

A
186
Q

DNA

A
187
Q

nucleic acid structure

A

one phosphate group and one nitrogenous base

188
Q

nitrogenous base types

A
189
Q

allele

A

alternative forms of a gene (dominant and recessive)

190
Q

2 causes of genetic variation

A

mutation, sexual reproduction

191
Q

mutation

A

a change in genetic code (creates genetic variation)

192
Q

sexual reproduction

A

leads to different combinations of alleles, offspring have different alleles than parents (maintain variation)

193
Q

incomplete dominance

A

heterozygote has phenotypes that is in between (mixed)

194
Q

codominance

A

heterozygote has phenotype where both alleles are fully expressed (cow - black and white)

195
Q

gene pool

A

the alleles of genes in all the individuals of a population

196
Q

frequency of alleles, incomplete or codominance

A

p + q = 1

197
Q

frequency of genotypes, complete dominance

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

198
Q

5 assumptions of hardy-weinberg equilibrium

A
  1. no selection
  2. no mutation
  3. no migration
  4. large population
  5. random mating
199
Q

conditions that might change the allele frequencies leading to evolution

A
  1. new mutations
  2. natural selection
  3. non-random mating
  4. gene flow
  5. genetic drift
200
Q

new mutations

A

changing the order of units within DNA either as single or multiple units which can be passed on to subsequent generations

mar final (1 decks)

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