Mar 6th Flashcards

1
Q

broad ligament anatomy

A
  1. mesovarium (ovaries)
  2. mesosalpinx (oviducts)
  3. mesometrium (uterus, cervix)
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2
Q

broad ligament function

A
  1. Supports (“hangs”) several anatomical
    components of the reproductive tract
  2. Prevents friction
  3. Houses vascular supply, lymphatics and nerves
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3
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

Glandular organs that house female gametes within ovarian follicles.

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4
Q

What are the three anatomical layers of the ovary?

A
  1. Tunica albuginea – outer connective tissue
  2. Cortex – houses follicles & corpus luteum
  3. Medulla – contains blood vessels, lymphatics, & nerves
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5
Q

What are the three main functions of the ovary?

A
  1. Oocyte production (oogenesis)
  2. Ovarian follicle development (folliculogenesis)
  3. Hormone production (estradiol & progesterone)
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6
Q

what are the oviducts

A

Dual channels between the ovaries and uterus that transport oocytes, embryos
and spermatozoa

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7
Q

what is the anatomy and function of the oviducts

A
  1. Infundibulum
    - Capture cumulus-oocyte complex
  2. Ampulla
    - Site of fertilization
  3. Isthmus
    - Transport and short-term* storage of sperm
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8
Q

what is the uterus

A

hollow, pear-shaped muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity

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9
Q

anatomy of the uterus

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Perimetrium
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10
Q

function of the uterus

A
  1. Site of embryo implantation & growth
  2. Sperm transportation
  3. Responsive to hormones —–> contractions
  4. Prostaglandin secretion -> luteolysis
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11
Q

what is the cervix

A

muscular tunnel-like organ located at the lower, narrow end of the uterus

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12
Q

anatomy of the cervix

A
  1. Endocervix (monolayer columnar epithelium)
  2. Ectocervix (stratified squamous epithelium)
  3. Os
  4. Cervical folds + crypts*
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13
Q

function of the cervix

A
  • Barrier for uterine protection
  • Mucus production
  • Non-pregnant: lubrication
    —–> facilitate sperm motility
  • Pregnant: mucous plug –> seal pregnancy
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14
Q

what is the vagina

A

Elastic, muscular canal of 7 to 10 cm in length that serves as an entrance to
the female reproductive tract.

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15
Q

anatomy of the vagina

A
  1. cranial region
  2. caudal region
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16
Q

function of the vagina

A
  • Copulatory organ
  • Birth canal
  • Mucus production for lubrication
  • Low pH (3.8 – 4.5)–> microenvironment regulation
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17
Q

what is the primary function of the vulva

A

provides anatomical closure to vagina

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18
Q

how does the vulva help protect the reproductive tract

A

minimizes entry of foreign materials

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19
Q

what is the clitoris

A

A highly innervated erectile tissue, homologous to the penis.

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20
Q

what is a mature gamete and gonad in female reproduction

A
  • oocyte (egg)
  • ovaries
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21
Q

what are the Two Cycles Occurring Simultaneously

A
  • ovarian cycle
  • menstrual cycle
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22
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

A series of changes in hormone production & uterine structure that make pregnancy possible (uterine cycle).

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23
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

A series of changes in the ovary, including follicle maturation, ovulation, & corpus luteum formation (folliculogenesis).

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24
Q

What are the two main cycles involved in female reproduction?

A

The uterine (menstrual) cycle & the ovarian cycle.

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25
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, where ovarian follicles develop and support the oocyte.

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26
Q

What is the function of ovarian follicles?

A

They protect the oocyte, provide nutrition, biochemical support, and secrete hormones.

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27
Q

What is the first stage of folliculogenesis?

A

Primordial Follicle – A single layer of flat cells surrounding the oocyte, representing the ovarian reserve.

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28
Q

What is the second stage of folliculogenesis?

A

Primary Follicle – A single layer of cuboidal cells surrounding the oocyte; produces estradiol (E2).

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29
Q

What is the third stage of folliculogenesis?

A

Secondary Follicle – 2-3 layers of cuboidal cells surrounding the oocyte; continues to produce E2.

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30
Q

What happens in the antral follicle stage?

A

An antrum (fluid-filled cavity) forms, containing E2; development is dependent on LH and FSH.

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31
Q

What happens to the follicle immediately after ovulation?

A

It becomes the Corpus Hemorrhagicum, containing blood from ruptured vessels.

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32
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

Secretes progesterone (P4) to maintain pregnancy.

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33
Q

What happens if pregnancy does not occur?

A

The Corpus Luteum regresses into the Corpus Albicans, a small white structure, which eventually disintegrates.

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34
Q

what is the structure and function of the antral follicles?

A

Structure
1. Theca externa
2. Theca interna
3. Granulosa cells
4. Cumulus-oocyte complex
Function
- Produce estradiol (E2) à regulates ovarian
and uterine cycles
- House and protect the maturing oocyte

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35
Q

theca externa

A
  • loose connective tissues
  • surrounds and supports the follicle
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36
Q

theca interna

A
  • just beneath the theca externa
  • LH receptors
  • produce androgens (testosterone)
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37
Q

Granulosa cells

A
  • mural granulosa cells line the inner part of the basal lamina
  • FSH receptors
  • convert androgens into estradiol (E2)
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38
Q

What is the Corpus Luteum (CL)?

A

An endocrine gland formed from the remaining follicular cells after ovulation.

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39
Q

What hormone does the CL primarily produce?

A

Progesterone (P4).

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40
Q

What percentage of the CL is made up of blood vessels?

A

~50% of its volume.

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41
Q

What percentage of the CL is made up of luteal cells?

A

~30% of its volume.

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42
Q

What makes up the remaining ~20% of the CL?

A

Pericytes, fibrocytes, nerves, immune cells, and smooth muscle cells.

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43
Q

What are the two transport proteins for progesterone synthesis?

A

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and High-density lipoproteins (HDL).

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44
Q

What type of receptors do luteal cells express?

A

LH receptors.

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45
Q

What enzyme does LH activate in luteal cells?

A

Adenylyl cyclase.

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46
Q

What is the function of adenylyl cyclase in progesterone synthesis?

A

It converts ATP to cAMP.

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47
Q

What does cAMP activate in the luteal cell?

A

Protein kinases.

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48
Q

What are the three key functions of protein kinases in progesterone

A

a) Enhance internalization
b) Activate cholesterase
c) Activate StAR protein

49
Q

What is cholesterol converted into during progesterone synthesis?

A

Pregnenolone.

50
Q

What is pregnenolone converted into?

A

Progesterone (P4).

51
Q

what does the HPG axis consist of

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. pituitary glands
  3. gonads
52
Q

Endocrine Regulation

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH à pituitary gland
  2. Pituitary gland releases LH & FSH (gonadotropins)
    –> into systemic circulation
  3. LH & FSH reach the ovaries –> Ovarian follicle & CL cells have LH & FSH receptors
  4. Ovaries secrete E2 (follicular phase) or P4 (luteal phase)
  5. Feedback mechanisms mediate endocrine response
53
Q

What hormone stimulates follicular development in the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH).

54
Q

What hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation?

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

55
Q

What does LH stimulate in theca interna cells?

A

Testosterone production.

56
Q

Where does testosterone produced by the theca interna cells go?

A

It diffuses into granulosa cells (GCs).

57
Q

How does LH affect granulosa cells?

A

LH stimulates production of LH receptors on outer GCs.

58
Q

What is the result of LH receptor production in granulosa cells?

A

It triggers resumption of oocyte meiosis.

59
Q

What happens after the LH surge?

A
  • Weakens follicle walls
  • Collapses follicle
  • Causes ovulation
60
Q

Endocrine Control of Estradiol Production

A
  1. GnRH from hypothalamus —-> pituitary gland
  2. LH & FSH released from pituitary gland
  3. Theca cells
    - LH binds to theca cells
    - Produce testosterone
  4. Granulosa cells
    - FSH binds GCs → ↑ recruitment of aromatase
    - Convert testosterone to estradiol
61
Q

What structure does LH induce after ovulation?

A

Formation of the corpus luteum.

62
Q

What is the main estrogen secreted by ovarian follicles?

A

Estradiol (E2).

63
Q

What does E2 stimulate to increase follicular sensitivity to FSH?

A

Production of FSH receptors.

64
Q

What effect does increased E2 in the antral follicle have on the pituitary gland?

A

Induces positive feedback.

65
Q

How does E2 regulate ovulation?

A

By providing positive feedback to the pituitary gland, leading to the LH surge.

66
Q

What hormonal change induces the LH surge before ovulation?

A

Increased estradiol (E2) during the dominant follicle stage.

67
Q

How long before ovulation does the LH surge occur?

A

2 days before ovulation.

68
Q

What structural changes occur in the follicle due to the LH surge?

A

Weakening of follicle walls and increased antral pressure.

69
Q

What happens when the follicle ruptures?

A

The cumulus-oocyte complex is released.

70
Q

Follicular Phase Steps

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH, stimulating the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
  2. FSH stimulates the recruitment and proliferation of new
    follicles.
    * ↑ FSH receptors on GCs → ↑ sensitivity
    * ↑ aromatase activity
  3. LH stimulates the follicles
    * Theca cells generate testosterone
    * Diffuses to GCs → converted by aromatase to E2
  4. ↑ E2 in dominant follicle → + feedback to hypothalamus
  5. Peak E2 à GnRH surge à LH surge
  6. LH surge
    * Resumption of meiosis in oocyte
    * Follicle weakening and collapse = ovulation
71
Q

hat process does the LH surge trigger in the remaining granulosa and theca cells?

A

Luteinization – conversion into luteal cells.

72
Q

What hormones do luteal cells produce?

A

Progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2).

73
Q

How does P4 contribute to the luteal phase?

A

Stimulates endometrial gland secretions.

74
Q

What role does E2 play in the luteal phase?

A

Stimulates spiral artery development.

75
Q

What triggers menstruation?

A

A decrease in progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) due to lack of implantation.

76
Q

What is expelled from the uterus during menstruation?

A

~80 mL of blood, fluid, and cell debris from the upper endometrial layer.

77
Q

What is the difference between overt and covert menses?

A
  1. Overt menses: Menstrual bleeding due to endometrial spiral arteries (primates).
  2. Covert menses: No bleeding; endometrium is shed without spiral arteries (other mammals, estrus cycle).
78
Q

1st phase in the uterine cycle

A

Proliferative phase
- Occurs during follicular phase
- Increased E2 stimulates growth of endometrium

79
Q

2nd phase in the uterine cycle

A

Secretory phase
* Occurs during luteal phase
* Increased P4 from CL stimulates development of uterine glands
* Endometrium grows in thickness due to E2 & P4

80
Q

3rd phase in the uterine cycle

A

Menstrual phase
* Necrosis & sloughing of endometrium
* Result of decrease in ovarian hormone secretion (E2 & P4) during late luteal phase

81
Q

functional cysts

A
  • follicular cysts
  • luteal cysts
82
Q

non-functional cysts

A
  • dermatoid cysts
  • cystadenoma
  • endometrioma
83
Q

PCOS

A
  • Sparse, frequent, irregular menses
  • Increased androgen production
  • Multiple follicular cysts in cortex
84
Q

What hormones do birth control pills contain?

A

Synthetic estrogen and progesterone.

85
Q

How do birth control pills prevent ovulation?

A
  1. Override the system with high hormone levels.
  2. Inhibit pituitary secretions through negative feedback.
  3. Block the LH surge, preventing ovulation.
86
Q

What happens to estrogen levels during menopause?

A

Ovaries stop secreting estrogen due to follicle depletion.

87
Q

What is estriol, and where is it made?

A

Estriol is a weak form of estrogen made in adipose tissue.

88
Q

Folliculogenesis

A

a continuous process
occurring cyclically for primordial follicle
recruitment to large antral follicle formation and ovulation

89
Q

Oogenesis

A

a discontinuous process for
the development of an ovum into a cell
competent to further develop into an
embryo when fertilized

90
Q

What is the main function of the oocyte cytoplasm?

A

Provides nourishment (vitellus/yolk) to the embryo.

91
Q

Why does the oocyte undergo asymmetric cell division?

A

To conserve cytoplasm and sustain early embryonic development.

92
Q

What is the function of the corona radiata?

A

Granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte that coordinate oocyte development via gap junctions.

93
Q

What is the zona pellucida, and what does it do?

A

A protective membrane that facilitates sperm binding.

94
Q

What do cortical granules do?

A

Prevent polyspermy by releasing enzymes.

95
Q

1st step of oogenesis

A

Oocytogenesis
* Mitotic divisions resulting in more oogonia
* Occurs during embryonic development

96
Q

2nd step of oogenesis

A

Ootidogenesis
* First meiotic division
* Results in secondary oocyte and
polar body
* Occurs after puberty, cyclically

97
Q

3rd step of oogenesis

A

Oogenesis
* Completes second meiotic division
* Results in a mature ovum and two polar bodies
* Occurs after fertilization in mammals

98
Q

When does oocytogenesis occur?

A

During embryo development.

99
Q

When does mitosis of oogonia stop?

A

At the formation of primordial follicles.

100
Q

What do oogonia differentiate into?

A

Primary oocytes.

101
Q

What happens to primary oocytes during embryonic development?

A

They develop a germinal vesicle (GV) and enter meiosis I.

102
Q

At which stage is meiosis I arrested in primary oocytes?

A

Diplotene stage of Prophase I.

103
Q

Why does nuclear arrest occur in primary oocytes?

A

To protect DNA from damage.

104
Q

When are all primary oocytes arrested in Prophase I?

105
Q

What triggers the resumption of meiosis I in oocytes?

A

The onset of puberty.

106
Q

What is the function of the zona pellucida (ZP)?

A

Covers and protects the oocyte, with ZP proteins aiding fertilization.

107
Q

Why are gap junctions important in oocytes?

A

They allow cytoplasmic communication between the oocyte and granulosa cells.

108
Q

What key changes occur in oocytes at puberty?

A

Growth in cytoplasmic volume and cytoplasmic maturation.

109
Q

What marks the completion of meiosis I in oocytes?

A

The formation of a secondary oocyte and a polar body.

110
Q

What event triggers the resumption of meiosis I?

A

The LH surge.

111
Q

How does high LH concentration affect mural granulosa cells (GCs)?

A

It stimulates LH receptors on mural GCs.

112
Q

What happens when gap junctions deteriorate?

A
  1. Reduction of oocyte cAMP
  2. Deactivation of kinases
  3. Activation of MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor)
113
Q

What structure is extruded after meiosis I?

A

the first polar body

114
Q

What characterizes oogenesis?

A

Continuation of meiosis II and nuclear arrest of secondary oocytes.

115
Q

At what stage is ovulation arrested?

A

Metaphase II.

116
Q

when does the resumption of meiosis II and its completion occur

A

after fertilization

117
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

An immature female gamete that has not yet completed meiosis.

118
Q

What is an egg (ovum)?

A

A mature female gamete that has completed meiosis and is ready for fertilization.