Mar 18 Flashcards
Give an example of positive reinforcement in children in operant conditioning
Child pushes another child and steals their toy
Give an example of positive punishment in children in operant conditioning
If child is reprimanded and scolded by a parent, they don’t get the toy, feel bad, and avoid future aggression
Give an example of negative reinforcement in children in operant conditioning
Child is bullied and punches bully to silence them
Give an example of negative punishment in children in operant conditioning
Teacher reprimands child for punching bully and excludes them from a field trip
Social learning theory for antisocial behaviour in children
Can operate vicariously through observing others
Self-reinforcement for antisocial behaviour in children
Feel powerful and assertive rather than guilty and remorseful
Learned through lack of discipline, observing the glorification of aggression in media
What is self-reinforcement for antisocial behaviour in children mediated by? Example?
Cognition; attention; perception; memory
Hostile attribution bias
Biosocial mode of violence
Example?
Genetic vulnerabilities interact with environmental factors
Bad temperament combined with lack of discipline
Odds of child becoming antisocial if an adopted child’s biological and adoptive parents have history of antisocial behaviour
4X more likely
Biological correlates in antisocial behaviour
Low resting heart rate (fearlessness theory and stimulation-seeking theory)
Low skin conductance
Nicotine and alcohol exposure in utero
Lack of oxygen at birth
When is low resting heart rate a more prominent predictor of antisocial behaviour in children
Especially when combined with being part of a large family with a poor relationship with at least one parent
Teachers rate boys are more aggressive if they have low SES background, mother was pregnant as a teen, if separated from a parent by age 10
Two-path model of criminal violence
Model showing genetic/biological interactions with social factors
Tested on 868 men with history of violence
Path 1 in two-path model of criminal violence
Neurodevelopmental insults like brain trauma combined with antisocial parenting
Path 2 in two-path model of criminal violence
Psychopathy and other related diagnoses interact with antisocial parenting
Are the two paths in two-path model of criminal violence mutually exclusive?
No
What doesn’t the two-path model of criminal violence account for?
Combined heritable and social factors that lead to psychopathy
What happened after deinstitutionalization from the 1950s-1970s?
Corresponding increase in # of prisoners due to inadequate mental health care
What is done to determine if someone should be diverted to forensic mental health system?
Fitness and criminal responsibility test
Mental disorder
Syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour
What does a mental disorder reflect?
Psychological, biological, and/or developmental dysfunction
DSM often ignores environmental and sociocultural factors
What are mental disorders usually associated with?
Significant distress in social and/or occupational functioning
DSM’s prior multi-axial system included…
Axis I
Axis II
Axis I
Clinical disorders, including schizophrenia, dissociative, substance use disorders
Disconnection from reality
Axis I disorders are more likely to…
Lead to diversion into forensic mental health system
Be detected by police, courts, and corrections
Axis II
Personality disorders (e.g., ASPD and psychopathy) and intellectual disability
Person with a PD “knows right from wrong”
Which disorder is extremely common among incarcerated offenders?
ASPD
Symptoms do not directly “cause” crime, but how are they considered and assessed in the court process?
At time of alleged crime (criminal responsibility assessment)
During jail or court proceedings to assess fitness to stand trial
When in prison
How are symptoms considered at time of alleged crime?
By police and then a mental health professional for treatment
Involuntary admittance to a psychiatric hospital due to risk of harm
How are symptoms assessed during jail or court proceedings to assess fitness to stand trial?
Unfit to stand trial (UFST) or not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) = transfer to psychiatric hospital
If UFST, goal is to stabilize until fit to stand trial
How are symptoms assessed when in prison?
May be transferred to correctional psychiatric hospital if problems continue
700 treatment beds in Canada for federally sentenced mentally disordered persons
Unfit to stand trial (UFST)
Accused is unable to participate in their defense due to mental disorder; unable to:
Understand the nature or objective of the proceedings
Understand the possible consequences of the proceedings
Communicate with counsel
What happens when someone is found to be UFST
Accused is diverted to mental health system until sentencing
Local example of UFST
2018 shooting in Fredericton by Matthew Raymond
Thought there were demons trying to kill him and killed a couple and 2 police officers
Matthew Raymond sentencing
In 2019, jury found him unfit; schizophrenia
Reassessed after 60 days of treatment in facility
In 2020, deemed fit to stand trial, found not criminally responsible; sent to psychiatric hospital
2021: Denied request for escorted trips outside hospital
2023: Granted supervised outings for treatment purposes
