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MAR > MAR 106 Final Exam > Flashcards

MAR 106 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is a molecule?

A

two or more elements bond together

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

two or more different elements bond together

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3
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Different Number of Neutrons

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4
Q

What is pH?

A

the measure of acidity

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5
Q

Acids

A

substances that dissociate in water and release H+ ions

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6
Q

Bases

A

substances that either take up H+ ions
or release OH-

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7
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

neutral

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8
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

negative

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9
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

positive

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10
Q

What are the 5 properties of water?

A

1) Water has a high heat capacity
2) Water has a high heat of evaporation
3) Water is a solvent
4) Water is Cohesive and Adhesive
5) Frozen water is less dense than liquid.

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11
Q

What marine organism is the most vulnerable to the negative impacts of ocean acidification?
*What are the consequences if this organism becomes extinct?

A

Pteropods; they are crucial to food webs

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12
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

any chemical compound that contains (at least) both carbon and hydrogen.

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13
Q

What are monomers?

A

carbon + functional group

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14
Q

What are polymers?

A

many monomers bonded together

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15
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

chemical reaction that joins monomers into a polymer.

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16
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

chemical reaction that breaks polymers into monomers.

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17
Q

What are enzymes?

A

proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

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18
Q

What are amino acids?

A

molecules that combine to form proteins

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19
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.

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20
Q

What is DNA?

A

a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual

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21
Q

What is RNA?

A

RNA is a copy, or a transcription, of DNA.

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22
Q

What is the reaction called that builds monomers into polymers?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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23
Q

What is the reaction called that breaks down polymers into monomers? Explain what happens during this
reaction

A

Hydrolysis

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24
Q

What are the four organic macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

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25
Q

What are the 4 structures of folding?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

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26
Q

What is the 6 functions of proteins?

A

-Support
-Metabolic
-Transport
-Defense
-Regulate
-Motion

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27
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double-stranded, forming a double helix, while RNA is usually single-stranded

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28
Q

What are nitrogen bases?

A

-cytosine
-guanine
-adenine
-thymine/uracil

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29
Q

How are icefishes different from other vertebrates? How do Antifreeze proteins work?

A
  • No red blood cells
  • No hemoglobin (oxygen diffuses through skin)
  • Antifreeze proteins (AFPs)
  • Mutations in a copied protein gene that led to AFPs
  • Mutations to hemoglobin genes to render them
    dysfunctional
    Anti freeze reduces the water’s freezing point
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30
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

structure where protein synthesis
occurs.

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31
Q

What are cell membranes?

A

separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

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32
Q

What are cytoplasms?

A

all cell contents except the
nucleus (if cells have one).

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33
Q

What are membrane bound organelles?

A

compartments in
cells that carry out specialized functions.

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34
Q

What characteristics do all cells have in common?

A

Ribosomes
Cell Membranes
Cytoplasms
Cytosols

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35
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A
  • Domain Archae
  • Domain Bacteria
  • Shape categories
  • No Membrane Bound Organelles
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36
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A
  • Protists
  • Fungus
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Membrane bound organelles
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37
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

passive transport when substance moves across
membrane without transport protein.

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38
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

substance moves across membrane with transport protein. No Energy Used.

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39
Q

What is osmosis?

A

water uses facilitated
diffusion across a semi-permeable
membrane.

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40
Q

What are the different ways substances are transported within and out of a cell?

A

Diffusion, osmosis and active transport

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41
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

difference in concentration of some substance between two neighboring regions.

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42
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The process by which an organism regulates the water balance in its body and maintains the homeostasis of the body

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43
Q

What is an Osmoconformer?

A

organisms that keep their internal fluids equal to their environment

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44
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all the chemical reactions in cells.
Energy converted from one form to another.

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45
Q

Why do cells need energy? How do they use it?

A

to generate and maintain the biological order that keeps them alive. This energy is derived from the chemical bond energy in food molecules, which thereby serve as fuel for cells.

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46
Q

What is ADP? Why is it important?

A

a biological molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates

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47
Q

What is ATP?

A

a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups.

when a cell needs energy it
“spends” ATP by removing PO4 group.

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48
Q

What is an enzyme and what is its role in chemical reactions?

A

molecule that catalyzes (speeds up)
chemical reactions without being consumed.

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49
Q

What is enzyme denaturing?

A

occurs when an enzyme loses its native conformation, or three-dimensional structure, rendering it unable to bind to substrate and catalyze product formation.

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50
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

organisms that require
inorganic nutrients and an outside
energy source.

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51
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

organisms that require preformed organic nutrients
they use as an energy source.

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52
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

process by which plants,
algae and some prokaryotes harness solar energy and convert it into chemical energy.

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53
Q

What are wavelengths?

A

distance of movement during
complete vibration.

54
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum? What type of light penetrates the least in water? Most in water?

A

range of radiation
Red
Blue

55
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light and Carbon Reactions

56
Q

What is a photosystem? What happens there?

A

Photosystems are structures within the thylakoid membrane that harvest light and convert it to chemical energy.

57
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

the process by which cells derive energy from glucose

58
Q

What is an electron transport chain?

A

can produce ATP by Chemiosmosis

59
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

reactions that breaks down
glucose to pyruvate.

60
Q

What is Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle?

A

series of reactions that
completes oxidation of each acetyl group.

61
Q

What is ATP Synthetase?

A

catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

62
Q

What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

a type of anaerobic respiration (or fermentation) that breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP

63
Q

What are the two methods to producing ATP?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

64
Q

What other non-glucose molecules can provide energy?

A

fatty acids and proteins

65
Q

What stage produces the most CO2 being released into the atmosphere?

A

Krebs cycle

66
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

events that occur during one
complete round of cell division.

67
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death and/or a recycling of cell parts.

68
Q

What is mitosis?

A

divides a cell into two genetically
identical copies.

69
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

individual molecules of DNA

70
Q

What is a diploid?

A

two copies of each type of
chromosome.

71
Q

What are histones?

A

bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes.

72
Q

What is homologous?

A

similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor

73
Q

What is the importance of cell death and cell division?

A

It help balance so that an organism
doesn’t overgrow, shrink or waste energy.

74
Q

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

A

asexually through binary fission

75
Q

How do eukaryotic cells reproduce?

A

the processes of mitosis and meiosis

76
Q

What are all the steps in the cell cycle and why are they important?

A

the cell increases in size (gap 1, or G1, stage), copies its DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), prepares to divide (gap 2, or G2, stage), and divides (mitosis, or M, stage).

77
Q

When is it good for the cell to prevent cell division?

A

when conditions are not favorable, such as when there is genetic damage or the cell is not the right size.

78
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

79
Q

What is crossing over?

A

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

80
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

81
Q

What is random fertilization?

A

source of genetic variation caused by the unlimited number of possible sperm & egg combinations

82
Q

When does genetic variation occur?

A

occurs when there is a wide range of phenotypes in a population

83
Q

What happens if chromosomes do not split correctly during meiosis?

A

nonjisduction

84
Q

What is a genotype?

A

genetic makeup of an organism

85
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

physical characteristics of an organism

86
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

having two different alleles for a trait

87
Q

What is homozygous?

A

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

88
Q

What are Punnett’s squares?

A

diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross

89
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

90
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

cross involving two traits

91
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

the process of copying a
DNA molecule.

92
Q

What is Replication Fork?

A

Site of DNA replication on a
chromosome where helicase has broken hydrogen bonds.

93
Q

What is a Leading strand?

A

the strand of DNA that allows
synthesis in 5’ to 3’ continuously.

94
Q

What is a Lagging strand?

A

opposite strand of DNA
requires synthesis in segments, Okazaki fragments, which are eventually connected.

95
Q

What is transcription?

A

the first step in gene expression

96
Q

What is translation?

A

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)

97
Q

What it tRNA?

A

a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein.

98
Q

What is rRNA?

A

direct the catalytic steps of protein synthesis — the stitching together of amino acids to make a protein molecule

99
Q

What is a codon?

A

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

100
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule

101
Q

What is translocation?

A

A genetic change in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

102
Q

What is a promoter?

A

a short region of DNA where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins

103
Q

What is an intron?

A

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

104
Q

What are exons?

A

a region of the genome that ends up within an mRNA molecule

105
Q

What did Avery et al discover?

A

Transformation of bacteria was shown to occur when live R strain and dead S strain bacteria were injected into mice and the mice died.

106
Q

What did Hershey-Chase discover?

A

DNA is the hereditary material.

107
Q

What did Chargaff discover?

A

A=T, G=C

108
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins discover?

A

double-helix structure of DNA

109
Q

What did Watson and Crick discover?

A

the DNA molecule exists in the form of a three-dimensional double helix.

110
Q

What enzymes are needed in DNA replication? What is the purpose of each step?

A

DNA helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase
 Unwinding
 Primer attachment
 Complementary base pairing
 Fragment joining

111
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in the usual DNA sequence at a particular gene locus.

112
Q

What is a Substitution?

A

a mutation that exchanges one base for another

113
Q

What is Insertion?

A

a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA.

114
Q

What is Frameshift Mutation?

A

the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

115
Q

What is an activator?

A

a molecule that increases the activity of an enzyme or a protein that increases the production of a gene product in DNA transcription.

116
Q

What is a repressor?

A

a protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes

117
Q

What are small RNA’s?

A

non-coding RNA molecules that can regulate gene expression in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus via post-transcriptional gene silencing

118
Q

What are Proteases?

A

enzymes that break-down proteins

119
Q

What are Proteasomes?

A

specialized structures in cells that
contain proteases; where proteins are degraded.

120
Q

What are Regulator genes?

A

located outside operon, codes
for DNA binding protein that acts as a repressor.

121
Q

What are Structural genes?

A

genes grouped that code for
enzymes and proteins, transcribed as a unit.

122
Q

What are operators?

A

Short portion of DNA that controls
transcription

123
Q

What happens when DNA Replication goes wrong?

A

can cause breaks in DNA

124
Q

What causes mutations?

A

errors in DNA replication or from the damaging effects of mutagens, such as chemicals and radiation

125
Q

How are mutations inherited?

A

If a parent carries a gene mutation in their egg or sperm, it can pass to their child.

126
Q

What are the 5 ways eukaryotes can control gene expression?

A

o Chromatin structure
o Transcriptional control *** most critical step
o Post – transcriptional control
o Translational control
o Post – translational control

127
Q

How do prokaryotes control gene expression?

A

Operon and define all its parts

128
Q

What is DNA technology?

A

the manipulation of
genes for some practical purpose.

129
Q

What are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?

A

an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

130
Q

What is genetic sequencing?

A

determining the precise
order of nucleotides of a gene within a DNA molecule.

131
Q

What is the function of the polymerase chain reaction?

A

rapidly produces millions of copies of a gene from the DNA in a test tube.

132
Q

What is the function of gel electrophoresis?

A

separates DNA fragments based on length

MAR (1 decks)

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