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MAPPING EXAM! Flashcards

1
Q

Baseline measuring is best suited to?

A

Exterior Scenes

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2
Q

The __________ of a measuring device or technique describes how close the reported distance is to the true absolute distance, while __________ describes how well the performance of the device can be replicated.

A

Accuracy, Precision

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3
Q

The overall preferred measuring technique for locating objects within a room is?

A

Right Angle Offset

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4
Q

“Once around the Room” describes?

A

the sequence for measuring a room

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5
Q

Additive measuring has all measurements taken from one start point while Continuous measuring has the finishing point of each measurement becomes the starting point of the next
(T OR F)

A

False

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6
Q

There are _____ different broad categories of measuring systems?

A

3

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7
Q

A study on expert opinion reports found over an 8-year period that about ____% of all preclusion challenges were fully accepted (and the report was rejected) by the courts.

A

30

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8
Q

One characteristic of the scientific method is reproducibility. We cannot know how to reproduce an observation unless we have confidence in how it was originally collected.

(T OR F)

A

True

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9
Q

Quality ? : the review of the completed process, products and/or results to ensure that it complied with and followed the established protocols in leading to the finished product

A

Control

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10
Q

Quality ? : the review of the completed process, products and/or results to ensure that it complied with and followed the established protocols in leading to the finished product

A

Control

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11
Q

In order to locate a coffee table within a room on a plan drawing, ____ measurements are required

A

3

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12
Q

When starting a field sketch, you should ensure that ?

A

The length and width of the first room is proportional to each other

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13
Q

In order for a diagram to be accepted as an exhibit, it must be?

A

Verified

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14
Q

An exploded room diagram shows?

A

The floorplan with the walls folded down along where they connect with the floor

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15
Q

What type of evidence are crime scene diagrams?

A

Demonstrative

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16
Q

Forensic First accounts

A

Forensic Science being used to solve a crime involved the stabbing death of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C

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17
Q

Forensic Science

A

Chemistry* Biology* Pathology* Physics* Meteorology.

Crime Scene Investigation* Fingerprints* Trace Evidence* DNA* Ballistics* Bloodstain* Documentation

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18
Q

Evidentiary Aspects ( Evidence )

A

Direct evidence, Indirect

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19
Q

Evidence - Types

A

Real Evidence
Documentary evidence
Testimonial Evidence
Expert/Opinion
Demonstrative Evidence

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20
Q

Evidence – Admissibility

A

Evidence is only admissible when:

relevance is proven in part through an accurate process by which it was identified, and its physical, spatial &temporal characteristics were recorded

properly and legally collected for preservation and/or further analysis

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21
Q

Objectives & Purposes( What)

A

WHAT:

The primary objective in preparing a CrimeScene Drawing or Model is to accurately and objectively record and illustrate the relative spatial locations of both any items of evidentiary value contained within (the content) and the relevant features that comprise the scene (the context).

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22
Q

Objectives & Purposes (WHY)

A

WHY:
In gathering the on-site data, the personperforming the mapping becomes an impartialwitness to the spatial aspects of the crime scene.

Afterwards, when translated into demonstrative evidence such as a diagram, map or model, this data will serve as an accurate and reliable basis for a variety of applications, both directly and as a basis for further analysis and expert opinion.

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23
Q

Synopsis & Case Objectives

A

Prior to commencing, it is crucial to get aclear synopsis and identify the generalobjectives so that the areas to be documentedare properly defined

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24
Q

Synopsis & Case Objectives

A

Prior to commencing, it is crucial to get aclear synopsis and identify the generalobjectives so that the areas to be documentedare properly defined

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25
The Walk Through
Confirm the right to enter the scene exists – Criminal S/W, Consent,Coroners Warrant. Identify all potential hazards within the scene Develop a well-organized plan with set responsibilities Approach the scene carefully and systematically Ensure the boundaries have been set correctly and nothing has been over-looked Ensure the location of all in-situ evidence has been noted to avoid disturbance Do not alter the position of any object until it has been properly recorded. The position, location or relationship can often be as important as the object itself
26
Basic Types of Sketches
Plan View Elevation Exploded view Isometric
27
Plan View
A “floor plan” or "bird's-eye view", the simplest and the most common type of diagram.
28
Eleveation
A side view that portrays a vertical plane rather than a horizontal plane. For forensic purposes this also includes cross-section
29
Exploded View
A combination of the first two, it places the plan of a single room in the center of the drawing and lays each of the4 walls flat as if they were hinged along the baseboards
30
Isometric
A three dimensional drawing combining and depicting three sides (ie, top side and front) without perspective foreshortening
31
“Required Information”
A- General Information- person who prepared diagram B- Compass Orientation- should be included on sketches of fire scenes C- Scale- drawing should be drawn approximately to scale D- Symbols- common on sketches E- Legend- is symbols use them this is needed
32
Sketching – Getting Started
Walk the entire scene *Get a sense of the extent, shape & proportions of the scene– if needed, take rough overall measurements to accomplish this *Set the perimeter boundaries –usually, this is based on police line tape/area under uniform protection *Prioritize areas to be mapped according to the overall investigative process *Break the scene down into a series of blocks
33
Building the "blocks"
Start at an outermost corner, sketch the immediate boundaries (i.e.walls of room) of the “first block”. Try to keep the size of this room proportional to the overall size of the paper, based on the approximate size of the actual room relative to the overall scene. * Using visual indicators, keep the overall length vs. width of the first block /room as close to proportional as possible * Draw objects/furniture, to approximate their proportionate size and position relative to the boundaries /walls of the area * Add adjacent blocks/rooms basing their size & proportions on the relative of the areas already drawn.
34
Measuring Systems
Contact (Manual)* Ruler / Tape / Laser Distance Meter (LDM/EDM) * Non-Contact* Total Station (Theodolite) / Laser Scanning (LiDAR) * Remote* Photogrammetry
35
Accuracy
how close is the distance as measured to theactual distance?
36
Precision
how consistent / repeatable are the results?
37
Validity
– the degree that a system is both Accurate & Precise
38
Techniques-
baseline-triangulation-right angle offset
39
Units
Metric (System International-SI) vs. Imperia
40
Sequence
Work one room or area at a time until it is complete!1.“ Once around the room” - perimeter of the area 2.Room or Area Overalls & Check distances 3.Additional dimensions to record special structural features& details 4.Evidence / Furniture / Objects
41
Preferred Measuring Techniques
1. Right Angle Offset 2. Triangulation 3. Baseline 4. Polar
42
Measuring - Round Corners
1-2 = any chord on the curve (C)(the larger the better) 3-4 = middle ordinate (M) where angle 1-3-4 = 90 and 1-3 = 3-
43
Avoiding Clutter
To Wall *Chair A B C *Enlargements on the side *Colours
44
Use right-angle offsets wherever possible ( T OR F)
True
45
Upon completion of the mapping process, the scene should be re-walked and spot checks made to ensure nothing has been overlooked. ( T OR F)
True
46
Quality Assurance
Before The process by which a procedureis governed by and/or follows anestablished set of protocolsthat have been reviewed, testedand verified in order to ensure thedesired result is attained
47
Quality Control
After End product is it what it should be ? The review of the completed process, products and/or results to ensure that it complied with and followed thee established protocols (QA) in leading to the finished product
48
Accuracy
How close is the measured distance/length to the actual or “true” distance?
49
Precision
The degree of reproducibility of a measured distance/length (how consistent / repeatable are the results?)
50
Confidence
the degree that a system is both Accurate & Precise
51
The quality of a forensic investigation begins with and hinges on the accuracy of the data collected (T OR F)
TRUE
52
The accuracy in turn is dependent on the precision of the collection system and how it is applied (T OR F)
TRUE
53
Remember always to follow the Procedures IS?
Quality Assurance
54
Review your work during & upon completion IS ?
Quality Control
55
One of the major issues in documenting a scene is that it frequently becomes apparent only after the scene has been released that the data collected will form part of a Scientific Analysis (T OR F)
TRUE
56
what’s in a Measurement?
1. The Value 2. The Error Rate (Margin of Error) 3. The Confidence Level
57
what’s in a Measurement?
1. The Value 2. The Error Rate (Margin of Error) 3. The Confidence Level
58
Valid Protocols are?
Formalized* Methodical* Verified* Yield an Error Rate
59
The Error Rate
An Error Rate (or Margin of Error) is associated with measurements that have been collected according to an Examination Protocol that has been verified by Replication
60
Blunders
A Single Mistake * Therefore, the Error Rate does not apply ect..
61
What are the Systemic Errors?
Bias: A prejudice in favour of or against a thing, person, group or activity as compared with another, usually in a way considered unfair Imprecision: Assuming the measuring system is operating as intended; imprecision comes down to: “Is the specified level of precision
62
Use municipal / existing sources wherever possible & appropriate (T OR F)
TRUE
63
City Surveyors Map
They provide extensive information about the land, such as property lines, topography,fire hydrants, and light posts/phone lines and the physical characteristics of the area, including buildings, roads, and bodies of water.
64
Laser Scanning - Principles
A laser beam is projected onto an object or surface and the distance and angle from a base reference point is calculated and recorded. total Station – 1 to 2cm accuracy at 1+km / one point collected at a timeLaser Scanner – 2mm accuracy at 25m / 4,000 to960,000+ pts /sec*
65
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS
The flight of RPASs may operate with various degrees of autonomy: either under remote control by a human operator or autonomously by onboard computers
66
photogrammetry
Advanced spatial data processing
67
Virtual Reality
Advanced spatial data presentation The computer-generated simulation of a 3-dimensional environment that can be interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way by a viewer using special electronic equipment, such as a head mounted display (HMD) and hand controllers
68
Fidelity:
To the visuals of the actual situation (howrealistic are the representations), * To the task (how accurately is the taskmodelled and presented), and * To the cognitive path (how closely do the mental processes experienced and retained reflect the real-world process
69
Perceptual fidelity:
Virtual interactions that closely mimic the physical worldactivate the same neural pathways in the brain. I.e. "muscle memory" or State-dependent retention
70
Feedback fidelity:
In VR, learners make decisions just as they would in the realworld, and depending on the level of engagement, these decisions can have adirect and immediate positive or negative impact
71
Emotional fidelity
VR can invoke a sense of presence that creates realemotional and empathic responses. These sensory stimulations trigger the brainin much the same way it reacts to actual situations (whether joy, fear or surprise)to release endorphins, serotonin, and/or dopamine.
72
Camera Obscura
(Reverse Projection) A test object of known length (usually a range pole) is brought back to the scene and recorded using the same system as what recorded the subject video 2. The test object is placed as close as possible to location of the subject feet 3. The two images (test & subject) are overlaid, and by using transparency adjustments, the height of the subject is compared and determined relative to the length of the test object
73
Camera Obscura
(Reverse Projection) A test object of known length (usually a range pole) is brought back to the scene and recorded using the same system as what recorded the subject video 2. The test object is placed as close as possible to location of the subject feet 3. The two images (test & subject) are overlaid, and by using transparency adjustments, the height of the subject is compared and determined relative to the length of the test object
74
Software - SVM ( Single View Metrology)
Various parallel features are traced on the subject Image to project out to where they intersect 2. These intersection points are designated as vanishing points(VPs)(left, right and down/vertical) 3. Lines are traced from the VPs to the feet/head of the subject as well from VP down through the subject and a known comparison object 4. The length of the vertical lines through the subject and comparison object are cross-multiplied to determine the height of the subject
75
Software - Scanning
Single View Metrology (SVM)based on perspective analysis principles * Laser ScanningInsert 2d image of the subject into 3d model
76
Software - Scanning
Single View Metrology (SVM)based on perspective analysis principles * Laser ScanningInsert 2d image of the subject into 3d model
77
Perspective Analysis
visual clues -> vanishing points -> project subject onto known scene feature
78
Perspective Analysis
visual clues -> vanishing points -> project subject onto known scene feature
79
There are specific issues relating to system operation (ie barrel distortion) and subject features (ie clothing, movement) that can have significant impact if not addressed properly (T OR F)
TRUE
80
R= C2/8M + M/2 is a formula that uses:
the chord, and mid ord length to determine the radius
81
Additive measuring
the finishing point of each measurement becomes the starting point of the next
82
Continuous measuring
has all measurements taken form one start point
83
Study on expert opinion
over an 8 year period, about 30% of all preclusion challenges were fully accepted and the report was rejected by the courts
84
A plan diagram can serve as an investigative tool for:
acoustic analysis - ballistics - blood spatter interpretation - burn pattern mapping - vehicle collision reconstruction - image analysis and rectification - physics - post blast analysis
85
Information sources for outdoor scenes
- city planning - property manager - architects/ engineers - city building permits office - natural resources defense dept.

Mapping Exam ! (1 decks)

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