Mao test Flashcards
when did mao rule china
1949-1976
china before 1911
- emporer was supreme leader, “mandate of heaven”
- confucian
- most people peasants, power - landlords, ruling class
why did people not like Qing dynasty before 1911
presence of foreign imperialists in china
taiping rebellion (when, what, results)
1850-64
- led by Hong Xiuguan, wanted christianity
- Qing victory, supported by B and F
- result: opened up ports, beginning of Shanghai as leading commerce centre
boxer rebellion (when, what, results)
1898-1900
anti foreign, anti imperialst, anti christian (“boxers” wanted to get rid of foreigners in china)
result: $330 million fine to other countries for reparations
foreigners in china (1800s)
- china always isolated
- foreigners started to come in in 1840s, exposing weakness in China’s traditional system
opium wars (when, result)
1839-42
China lost both, forced to open up to the west
first sino japanese war (when, result)
1894-5
Japan takes Taiwan and Korea from China
Sun Yat Sen
- GMD founder (formed 1905)
- wanted China to follow Japan
- nationaisl, democracy, socialism
- wants to remove Qing system
- Paved the way for 1911 revolution
fall of Qing dynasty (when, what)
1911 - peasants, townspeople, students, revolt in central china
Sun Yatsen appointed pres, could not control imperial gov yet, Yuan Shikai took over instead of him
Yuan Shikai in 1911 revolution (1913-16, one thing each year)
brokered a deal with nationalists, became pres
- 1913 - banned GMD because too powerful (won parlimentary election)
- 1914 - shut down parliment, took over
- 1915 - submitted to Japan’s 21 demands
- 1916 - died, leaving China weak, divided
warlord period (when, what)
1916-27
no good government after Yuan Shikai died (until 1927)
power in hands of warlords - regional generals
anarchy, peasants were victims
May Fourth Movement (why, when, what, Mao’s part)
- China humiliated after ww1
- helped Allies during war, expected Shandong to be returned from ToV (but it was given to Japan)
- student protests in Beijing may 4 1919, followed by nationwide demonstrations
- paved way for CCP emergence, encouraged by comintern
- founded by Mao Zedong, student involved in protests
First United Front (when, what, results)
GMD and CCP merged 1924
- encouraged by comintern to unite, defeat warlords
- warlords crushed
by 1927, both parties much stronger
- Chiang Kai Shek became leader
northern expedition (when, what)
100 000 GMD men left Guangzhou to go to Yangtze river battling warlord forces in 1926 to reunify China (end of united front)
white terror and Nanjing decade (when, what)
1927 - united front collapsed, Chiang Kai Shek purged CCP
1928-37 - China torn by civil war
Jiangxi Soviet
1927-34
CCP established base at Jiangxi Soviet territory, began to develope guerilla force against GMD, Mao wanted to start peasant revolution
long march
1934-5
- GMD weakened by Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931
- attacked Jianxi Soviet, forced CCP to withdraw, 100 000 troops fled to Yanan
only 20 000 troops survived
after long march
- surviving CCP guys settled in Yanan
Mao took over CCP
overcame: - potential leadership bids
- need to rebuild CCP
- ideological struggle
- propoganda: 6 principlas of red army (basically be nice)
- HUGE rise in CCP membership to 1.2 million
Japanese occupation, when and what
1931-45
- Japan takes manchuria 1931
- Chiang slow to respond because of focus on communists
- CCP forged 2nd United Front 1937 against Japan
before Mao’s authoritarian regime emerged - economic conditions
- 80% of pop. poor in early 1900s
- weakened - opium and 1st sino japanese wars, civil war
- unequal treaties with other nations
- hyperinflation, economy devastated by 1950s
before Mao’s authoritarian regime emerged - social conditions
- inequality
- workers in poverty
- warlord era highlights this
- wealth in urban areas
- Chiang bad, CCP seen as alternative
before Mao’s authoritarian regime emerged - political conditions
Yuan Shikai, Warlords, GMD all bad
losing wars weakened China
how did CCP appeal to peasants
- land reform
- literacy campaigns
- medical programmes
- good conduct by Red Army
- coercion for those who did not cooperate
reunification campaigns (1950s)
- PLA armies dispatched to repress independent movement (sent to Tibet, where most people Buddhists, Xinjiang, most Muslim, and Guandong, most GMD)
anti landlord campaign
landord property confiscated, redistributed, most landlords put on trial, 1 million killed in early 1950s
targets during early consolidation of power (early 1950s)
landlords, religious groups, members of organized crime
prison camps
Laogai - turned into slave labour camps during GLF, brutal conditions, millions detained
Hundred Flowers campaign
1957 - “Let a hundred flowers bloom; let a hundred schools of thought contend”
Mao said he allowed denunciation of party officials including Mao, who then killed “rightist” critics, strengthening his position
cencorship+propoganda 1949-76
most newspapers out of business, communist ralies, songs, slogans advertised, social realism art style, Mao figurehead, swam in Yangtze river to show strength, little red book distributed throughout the country
mao vs stalin - ideology
- mao: revolutionaries on the outside could not dictate China
- mao thought marxism should be peasants, stalin thought urban based revolution
1950 sino soviety treaty
$300 million soviet loan, PRC dependant on soviets until 1960, did not trust Soviets
parting of bamboo curtain
1972 - USA/PRC relations improved
USA recognized PRC right to replace Taiwan in UN (this is Nixon) - helped US undermine USSR
Mao’s achievements
- China established as independant
- turned PRC into great world power
- developed nuclear weapons - superpower status
- PRC in UN as real China gov
- foced down USSR
- leading voice of international communist
- destroyed european imperialism in China
first 5 year plan
1953, incluenced by USSR
- steel and coal production
- agriculture did not improve as much
- successful
2nd 5-year plan, aka great leap forward
1958
- aim: catch up with Western industrialzed nations fast, reduce reliance on USSR
- increase steel, food production
- backyard steel furnaces, communes (like collectivization)
- bad agriculture methods
- results: decrease in food production, starvation masked by propoganda, open criticism of Mao, Deng Xiauping and Liu Shaoqi took over CCP
Mao’s motives
- leaving a lecacy
- paranoia
resentment for Liu and Deng - ideplogy
- international rivalry
- nationalism (no foreign influence)
august rally (when, what)
august 18 1966
Tianmen Square, Beijing, filled w young people coming to Cheer for Mao, attacked 4 olds,red guard set up
4 olds
thoughts, habits, culture, customs
red guard targets
education system, public trasnport, broke into houses, religious shrines, temples, libraries, museums, intellectuals
Lin Biao
named Mao’s successor 1969, seen as too ambitious
killed in plane crash w family
ending cultural revolution
losing momentum by 1970s
death of Lin Biao led to questions about maos leadership, moderates like Zhou Enlai became more influential
Jiang Qing
maos wife
denounced 4 olds, imposed rigid cencorship especially in arts, banned all western influence, stronghold on arts 1966-76 (maos death), no culture in china as a result
religion under mao
- compared christian missionaries to nazis
- religion banned 1949
- propoganda against religion
- some patriotic churches stayed open
marriage law 1950
- concubines banned
- arranged marriages banned
- women could initiate divorce
- all marriages had to be officially registered
women under mao
- could own/sell land because of land redistribution
- number of women in workplace quadrubled 1949-76 (up to 32%), mostly heavy labour
- only 13% of communist party members
impact of cultural reevolution
- owning private property a crime
- pooling ressources - families no longer held together by money
- nuclear family discouraged
minorities
- most people were the Han (80%)
- 54 recognized minority groups
- propoganda posters promoted unity amongst and recognition of minorities
- Xinjiang had lots of minorities, less loyal to Beijing, so gov settled Han there to weaken them
