Manufacturing Industries Flashcards
“Industries are the backbone of Indian economy” Comment. (Importance of manufacturing industries)
• Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy,
*They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India.
*It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
• Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.
What is manufacturing?
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
“Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.” Justify.
- The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
- They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.
- Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient.
Classification of Industries
ON THÉ BASIS OF RAW MATERIAL
• Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
• Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.
ON THÉ BASIS OF THEIR MAIN ROLE
• Basic or key industries are those which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
• Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.
ON THE BASIS OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT
• A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time.
At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.
ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP
• Public sector- owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
• Private sector- industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
• Joint sector- industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
• Cooperative sector- industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately. Such examples are the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.
ON THE BASIS OF BULK AND WEIGHT OF RAW MATERIALS AND FINISHED PRODUCT
• Heavy industries such as iron and steel
• Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical goods industries.
Textile industry (Argo based)
The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to-
(a) industrial production,
(b) employment generation and
(c) foreign exchange earnings.
It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.
Jute textiles
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.
Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt.
Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are:
(a) proximity of the jute producing areas,
(b) inexpensive water transport,
(c) supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills,
(d) abundant water for processing raw jute,
(e) cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
(f) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.
Sugar industry
India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari.
The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces.
The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.
60% mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector.
In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra,
This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.
The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Iron and steel industry
The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.
Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel.
Remember that the finished products also need an efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and consumers.
Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.
It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry.
These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.
Aluminium smelting
Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the industry.
Chemical industry
The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying.
It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
INORGANIC CHEMICALS include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.
These industries are widely spread over the country.
ORGANIC CHEMICALS include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. — Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.
Fertiliser industry
The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).
After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country.
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half of the fertilizer production. Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
Cement industry
Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments.
This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum.
Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.
The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.
The first cement plant was set-up in Chennai in 1904. After Independence the industry expanded.
Automobile industry
Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers.
Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres. After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three-wheelers.
The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
Information technology and electronics industry
The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry.
Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
The major industry concentration is at Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation.
The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.
Air pollution
It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Air- borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
