Mann, Vrij and Bull

Question 1

The most common/ stereotypical deceptive behaviours include _________ and __________.

Answer 1

• Avoiding eye contact

* Increase in nervous fidgety movements

Question 2

Previously, deceptive behaviours were investigated in a ____________ setting.

Answer 2

Laboratory

Question 3

Previous designs normally asked about _______ and _______ about various issues (beliefs and opinions). Some were induced to cheat and told to lie about it.

Answer 3

Truth and lies

Question 4

What were the three problems with the previous designs?

Answer 4

1) Participant do not feel guilty when lying because the lie is told out of the sake of the experiment.
2) Participant informed that the study will be videotaped so to analyse their performance later.
3) Participants told lies with small consequence. Researchers can provide incentives (motivation) to provide a convincing impression of a liar but this can be considered unethical.

Question 5

Define high-stake liars.

Answer 5

Lie for material gain, personal convenience, and escape punishment. Level of personal attachment to the lie and deception is significant.

Question 6

Define low-stake liars.

Answer 6

Everyday or “social” lies. Level of emotional attachment to the lie and deception is minimal.

Question 7

Define high-stake truth tellers.

Answer 7

To tell the truth because one is innocent and if not found innocent, can be imprisoned for life.

Question 8

What was the purpose of conducting the Mann et al study?

Answer 8

To investigate spontaneous high-stake liars who deceive at their own volition (decision).

Question 9

Liars may not exhibit nervous behaviours since they are probably experiencing other processes such as __________ and/ or ___________.

Answer 9

Cognitive load and attempted behavioural control.

Question 10

Cognitive load can lead to ________, _______ and _________.

Answer 10

• Increase in speech disturbances
• Longer pauses
• Eye-blink suppression

Question 11

Why did the participants experience cognitive load?

Answer 11

They have to think hard to make their lies convincing. Their stories need to fit in with what the interviewer already knows, or anything that is easily discoverable.

Any contradiction in the story could lead to a conviction, which for the majority of participants in the study would mean a custodial sentence (and for 4 out of the 16 participants could mean a life-sentence.)

Question 12

Why do some people have difficulty in lying?

Answer 12

1) Moral qualms

2) Emotional and personal investment

Question 13

What is the difference between a liar and a truth teller?

Answer 13

1) Truth tellers act naturally- do not require special effort to tell the truth. They focus on the presentation of the content; not the credibility.
2) Liars need to control their behaviours to make their story convincing- liars focus on the credibility of their stories.

Question 14

What were the four characteristics of the 16 police suspects? Describe and explain them in detail.

Answer 14

• Criminal background (all 16 participants were police suspects, 4 of these were juveniles- 3 of them aged 13, 1 of them aged 15, 10 out of 16 were well known to the police and were interviewed on several occasions previously)
• Gender (13 males, 3 females. The study was more generalised to male behaviour)
• Age (juveniles of 13 years old to adults under 65 years old)
• Racial composition (15 were Caucasian and 1 was of Asian ethnicity)

Question 15

Clips of video footage have been selected where other sources; _____ and _____ provide evidence that the suspect lied or told the truth.

Answer 15

Reliable witness statements and forensic evidence.

Question 16

_______ was maintained equally for deceptive clips and truthful clips. These findings negate the popular belief amongst both lay persons and professional lie detectors (such as the police) that liars behave ______ and _______. However, large __________ were present.

Answer 16

• Eye contact
• Nervously by fidgeting and avoiding eye contact
• Individual differences

Question 17

From previous studies, psychologists noticed that instead of an increase in fidgety behaviour, most people __________ and become __________ when lying.

Answer 17

Decrease in nonfunctional movements and become unnaturally still.

Question 18

From previous studies, psychologists realised that there was no relationship between ______ and _______.

Answer 18

Eye contact and deception

Question 19

Because previous studies were done in a laboratory setting, and participants felt no sense of guilt due to only telling the lies for the sake of the experiment, it was argued that behaviour may differ from _______.

Answer 19

Real- life situations.

Question 20

The participants were interviewed for criminal activities such as: ________

Answer 20

• Murder
• Arson
• Theft
• Attempted rape

Question 21

Police detectives at __________ were asked if they could gather videotaped interviews of a suspect who had _____ at one point and told the _____ at another. (Suspects had the right to decline being videotaped if they choose to). Cases that met the ______ were gathered.

Answer 21

• Kent County Constabulary (UK)
• lied
• truth
• criterion

Question 22

Experimenter then thoroughly checked the files for any sort of evidence (______ or _______) to support whether suspects were telling the truths or lies as stated by the investigating officer.

Answer 22

Forensic or reliable witness statements

Question 23

The ______ of their situations does not imply that the participants, as a group, will display an ______ of behaviours associated with ________.

Answer 23

• Severity
• Increase
• Nervousness

Question 24

Evidence has demonstrated that people engaging in ________ make fewer movements such as fewer ______ (arm and hand movements that are designed to modify and/ or supplement speech), _______ (scratching the head, wrists, etc), and other subtle _______, and suggests that the increase in _______ results in the negate of _______, reducing overall animation.

Answer 24

• cognitive complex tasks
• illustrators
• self-manipulation
• hand movements
• cognitive load
• body language

Question 25

Liars often attempt to control their behaviour in order to give a credible impression to the interviewer. Depaulo and Kirkendol (1989) found that the higher the ______ in the lie, the greater the ______ that liars will attempt to control their behaviour. This is called the _______.

Answer 25

• motivation to succeed
• likelihood
• motivational impairment effect

Question 26

Thus, affects the behaviour that fit the cultural stereotype of liars. Liars will then _____ and will try to ______ to hide their deceit. However, most people are not aware of how much body language they exhibit in day-to-day truth-telling situations, the outcome is often _____, resulting in ______ and ______.

Answer 26

• refrain from making too many movements
• maintain eye contact
• overzealous control
• deliberate movements and rigidity