Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Manipulation > Manipulation > Flashcards

Manipulation Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive vs. injunctive norms

A

Descriptive = percieved behavioural prevelance

Injunctive = commonly (dis)approved behavioural conduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Focus theory of normative conduct

A

Norms do not influence behaviours in the same ways at all times (context dependent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Behavioural economics

A

Applies psychology to economic models of decision making:

  • Cognitive model (system 2)
  • Context model (system 1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MINDSPACE framework of behaviour change

A
  • Messenger
  • Incentives
  • Norms
  • Default
  • Salience
  • Priming
  • Affect
  • Commitment
  • Ego
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Personality & Health

A

Big five:
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
- conscientiousness
- openness to experience

Conscientiousness (positive) and openness (negative) are predictive of health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nudges

A

Choice architecture that alters people’s behavior in a predictable way without
forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives.
- Perserves autonomy
- Reduces error and bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of Nudges

A
  • Overt nudge: more open, perceived as more authentic
  • Covert nudge: opposite
  • Transparent nudge: individual understands the meaning of the nudge
  • Non-transparent nudge: less likely to recognize the meaning
  • Pro-self nudge: e.g. health
  • Pro-social: e.g. recycling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nudges & Liberal Paternalism

A

Liberal: autonomy/freedom of choice

Paternalism: people’s choices are guided for the benefit of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Snack position & food choices

A

More availability & variety of healthy food choices meant more consumption of these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Poverty & health

A

Social capital impacts social exclusion, including reduced access to various health facilities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Social Networks Typologies

A
  • Network of solidarity
  • Socially EXcluded network
  • Heterogenous network
  • HOmogenous network
  • Traditional network

Solidary SEX is HHot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stress-exposure disease framework

A

Differentiates community and individual levels of stress and vulnerability. Also explains why ethnicity is correlated with health-risks (based on location segregation).
Includes:
- Structural factors (societal infrastructure)
- Community stressors (physical & psychosocial)
- Individual stress (situation appraisals & baseline health)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Autonomy and social inclusion

A

Feeling socially included (residents of drug/alcohol rehabilitation center) increased personal autonomy and self-efficacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Area-based SES and health

A

Measured STI’s, tuberculosis, and violence. Areas with economic deprivation and high crowding had higher rates of STI’s and TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Socioeconomic inequalities in Europe

A

Lower SES/education corresponded to higher death rates and lower self-assessment of healthcare. Need better education and income distribution might

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Social belonging intervention

A

Increased academic performance (GPA), sense of belonging, happiness, and (unconscious) self-efficacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Belonging uncertainty and academia

A

Two studies found that ethnic minorities globalized implications of social exclusion into their fitness in the academic environment

18
Q

Socioeconomic status and childhood obesity

A

SES groups with greatest access to energy-rich diets are at increased risk of obesity (differs between developing and industrialized countries).

Causation =/= causation: obesity could also influence SES.

19
Q

M-E-B Health of Children

A
  • Mental
  • Emotional
  • Behavioural

The main factor is family poverty - poverty reduction interventions have therefore been able to improve these (by e.g. reducing antisocial behaviour)

20
Q

Inoculation theory

A

It is a psychosocial/communication theory that expresses how an attitude/opinion can become resistant through the exposure of weak counterarguments (pre-exposure). Important factors:

Threat, Delay, Refutaional Preemption, Involvement.
The Dog Remained Persistently Idiotic

21
Q

Eye contact and resistance

A

Persistent eye contact increases resistance to persuasion of a disagreeing other

22
Q

ACE resistance strategies

A
  • Avoidance (physical, mechanical, and cognitive)
  • Contesting (counter-arguing, source derogation)
  • Empowering (attitude bolstering, social validation, and self-assertion)
23
Q

Resistance-neutralizing persuasion tactics (ACE)

A

Alpha strategies = increase approach towards object
Omega strategies = reducing resistance to persuasion

  • A: forced exposure, branded content, viral marketing
  • C: two-sided ad, cognitive depletion, and distraction
  • E: freedom (persmission) and self-affirmation
24
Q

Strategies to resist attitude change

A
  1. Counterarguing
  2. Attitude Bolstering
  3. Message Distortion
  4. Social validation
  5. Source Degradation
  6. Negative Affect
  7. Selective Exposure
25
Motivational Interviewing
Client-centered therapeutic technique: is based on the assumption that clients have conflicting motivations or ambivalence to change, and it is not the counselor's function to convince them. 4 principles: 3. Development of discrepancy 2. Rolling with resistance 1. Expression of empathy 4. Support Self-efficacy *DRESS*
26
MI communication techniques
1. Confirmation 2. Open-ended questions 3. Reflective listening 4. Summarizing 5. Initiating change-talk
27
Self-determination theory
Assumes people are motivated to fulfill 3 universal needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
28
SDT & MI
Competence: clear/neutral structure, self-developed goals, positive feedback, and self-efficacy. Autonomy: roll with resistance, encourage change talk, explore options, the client makes decisions. Relatedness: empathy, understanding client's frame of reference, no judgements.
29
Mood & self-threatening information
A positive mood may promote attendance to and systematic processing of self-threatening information.
30
Self-affirmation and health-behaviour change
Self-affirmation = bolstering or restoring self-perception. It improved message acceptance, intentions to change, and subsequent behaviour change.
31
Self-affirmation and reactance
Self-affirmation prior to receiving self-threatening information reduced reactance and increased subsequent behaviour change in high-risk individuals
32
Prolonged TV exposure and disordered eating
Study on Fijian girls found prolonged TV exposure lead to modelling after TV characters. This increased prevalence of high EAT 26 scores self-induced vomitting. TV exposure is therefore one of many sociocultural factors that contribute to disordered eating.
33
Social comparison in recovering cancer patients
Upward vs. downward comparison: interaction effect between type of comparison and social comparison sensitivity on subsequent quality of life. High SCS: upward = low QoL; downward = high QoL. Low SCS: upward = high QoL; downward = low QoL. Generally prefer expert advice
34
Social comparison and catastrophizing
Intervention programs should focus on increasing upward identifications and decreasing upward contrasts and downward identification (catastrophizing)
35
Social comparison on Facebook
Found that facebook use was positively associated with SCOF and based on an individual's self-esteem and impression management, this could negatively influence mental health
36
Positive vs negative role models
Promotion and prevention goals had equal but opposite strengths, and participants were more likely to recall a role model that was congruent with their goal type.
37
Superstars as role models
Superstars can sometimes be self-enhancing, self-deflating, and sometimes have no effect. The main factor relates to the relevance and perceived attainability of the superstar's success.
38
Self-discrepancy theory
Individuals are motivated to close any discrepancy between ideal/ought and actual self, as these discrepancies can lead to depression/anxiety
39
Theory of discrete emotion
Individual emotions are associated with unique adaptive functions and goals, and accompanying degrees of action motivation.
40
Inspiration or deflation?
Priming similarities = assimilation (positive self-evaluation); priming differences lead to contrast (negative self-evaluation, but motivated to change)
41
Matrix of social comparison effects
Positive, upward = identified (hope) Positive, downward = contrast (gratitude) Negative, upward = contrast (envy) Negative, downward = identified (worry)
42
Reikert et al., 2011
N = 37 African-American adolescents and caregiver participated in 5 home visit MIs regarding asthma medication adherence. Increased motivation and QoL, but no sig. dif. of adherence. Limitation of self-report for adherence, future studies should use objective measures for this.

Manipulation (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions