manipulating genomes Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how the automated sequencing machine orders the DNA fragments from the PCR

A

electrophoresis ;
(negatively-charged DNA) moves towards ,
positive electrode / anode ;
smallest/smaller (fragments) move, fastest / faster ; ora
resolution on gel sufficient to register 1, nucleotide /
base;

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2
Q

It is proposed that a simple saliva test could identify those children who have the mutation.
What would be the source of the genetic material used in this test?

A

(epithelial) cells lining cheek

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3
Q

Name the enzyme that can be used to convert mRNA to single-stranded DNA.

A

reverse transcriptase

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4
Q

Explain how the locations of the fluorescent spots on the DNA chip reveal which genes are most active.

A

1 mRNA binds to , (gene) probes / cDNA / ssDNA ,
by complementary base pairing ;
2 idea that the more active the gene
the more mRNA produced ;
3 during transcription ;
4 more fluorescence indicates more mRNA (bound) ;

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5
Q

Outline the roles of each of the following procedures in sequencing a genome:
the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

to, amplify / make (many) copies of, DNA ;

(range of) different lengths ;

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6
Q

Outline the roles of each of the following procedures in sequencing a genome:
electrophoresis

A

to put DNA pieces in size order ;

to read, base sequence / order of bases ;

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7
Q

Outline the roles of each of the following procedures in sequencing a genome:
restriction enzymes

A
to cut (genome DNA) into, small(er) / 750 bp, fragments ;
to cut, vectors / BACs / plasmids, (for gene library) ;
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8
Q

Suggest why a genome has to be fragmented before sequencing.

A

genome, too big / very large ;
accuracy better / fewer errors (with small fragments) ;
divide job over, time / different labs ;

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9
Q

Explain why injecting recombinant HGH in this way is not an example of gene therapy.

A

1 (child’s) cells / DNA / genes / alleles ,
not changed ;
2 vector not used (in child) ;
3 child / cells , not producing , HGH / hormone ;
4 HGH / drug / injection ,
has to be given repeatedly /
is a short term solution / not a cure ;

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10
Q

Name the process that:
has given rise to the modern domestic cat from its wild ancestor
has given rise to coat colour variation in cats.

A

selective breeding / artificial selection ;
(named type of) mutation / production of new alleles ;
sexual reproduction / meiosis / independent assortment /
crossing-over ;

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11
Q

Suggest why physiological problems are more common in pedigree animals.

A

1 inbreeding / small or decreasing, gene pool ;
2 homozygous recessive (genotypes) ;
3 gene / allele , for desired characteristic on same
chromosome as problem, gene / allele ;
4 selecting for one trait (unintentionally) selects for another ;
5 breeders select for looks not health ;
6 weaker selection against less healthy animals (than in wild) ;

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12
Q

Define the term recombinant DNA.

A

DNA (combined) from (two) , sources / organisms ;

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13
Q

Suggest why the Hardy-Weinberg principle cannot be used to predict the expected frequencies of albino and non-albino alleles in the worldwide zoo population of tigers.

A

population, not large / (too) small ;

not randomly-mating / matings arranged ;

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14
Q

List two factors that might cause allele frequencies to change from generation to generation in a population that meets the Hardy-Weinberg criteria.

A

natural / artificial / directional, selection ;
genetic drift ;
mutation ;
migration / AW ;

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15
Q

Discuss the potential benefits to mankind and the ethical concerns raised by the following examples of genetically modified organisms:
• rice modified for increased vitamin A content (‘Golden Rice™’)
• humans having somatic gene therapy treatment for a genetic disease.
In your answer you should give a balanced account of the benefits and concerns for each example of genetic modification.

A

‘Golden RiceTM‘
B1 reduce vitamin (A) deficiency in named area / ora ;
B2 reduce, eye problems / blindness ;
C1 reduce rice genetic, diversity / variation ;
C2 clone may suffer from one, disease / environmental change ;
C3 hybridisation with wild rice / spread genes to wild populations ;
C4 seeds expensive / need to be bought each year ;
C5 rice may not grow in all areas where needed ;
C6 idea of doubts whether vitamin A content sufficient ; 4 max
Somatic Gene Therapy
B3 cure / reduce symptoms / better quality of life / less medication;
B4 cystic fibrosis / SCID / Parkinson’s / thalassaemia / LCA ;
B5 extend lifespan / saves lives ;
C7 virus vector may cause (viral) disease ;
C8 procedure may be, invasive / dangerous / painful / stressful ;
C9 temporary / needs to be repeated / limited success ;
C10 immune system / rejection, problems ;
C11 animal testing concerns ; 4 max
Either Section
C12 antibiotic resistance gene transfer to pathogenic bacteria ;
C13 unknown effects / cause mutation ;

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16
Q

State the name given to the process in which only a certain percentage of adult foxes were chosen by humans to breed in each generation.

A

artificial selection / selective breeding ;

17
Q

Suggest why 20% of the female foxes were used for breeding but only 5% of the male foxes.

A

idea that males can father many offspring / mate several females ;
idea that females produce only a few offspring ;
(so) more females (than males) needed to
maintain numbers (each generation) ;
(20% females chosen as) inbreeding / genetic problems,
if breeding population is too small ;
(5% males chosen as) selection pressure stronger
if fewer (tamest) are used ;

18
Q

suggest about the causes of the variation in tameness behaviour in silver foxes.

A
1 (mostly) genetic ;
2 as can be selected for / selective breeding increases frequency ;
3 allele(s) for tameness ;
4 (from) mutation ;
5 query role of environment / learning ;
19
Q

linkage

epistasis

inbreeding

genetic drift

A

linkage
tameness genes and genes for these traits on same
chromosome ;
(so) inherited together ;
epistasis
(product of) one gene affects expression of another ;
via enzyme pathway ;
inbreeding
(hidden / masked) recessive alleles ;
selected for, as well / unintentionally ;
more chance homozygous as, small gene pool / parents related ;
genetic drift
random / chance (which alleles, present / passed on) ;
(effect stronger because) small breeding population ;

20
Q

Why is the continued existence of rare breeds of farm animals desirable?

A

1 genetic resource / gene bank / have (different) alleles ;
2 for , genetic engineering / genetic modification /
artificial selection / selective breeding / described ;
3 if conditions change / in the future ;
4 example of useful trait ;
5 to maintain , biodiversity / genetic diversity /
(large) gene pool ;

21
Q

Suggest a technique that could be used to provide molecular evidence that all English Elm trees form a clone.

A

DNA / gene / genetic , fingerprinting / profiling / analysis ;
DNA / protein / gene , sequencing ;
electrophoresis ;

22
Q

Describe the differences between:

somatic cell gene therapy and germ line cell gene therapy

A
somatic
changes / uses , body cells ;
change cannot be passed to offspring ;
cures / alleviates , genetic disease in one individual ;
short-lived / repeat treatments needed ;
germ line
changes / uses , gametes / zygote / embryo /
 reproductive tissue ;
banned ;
23
Q

Explain why there was such a rapid loss of elm trees in Britain as a result of this elm disease.

A

1 genetic resource / gene bank / have (different) alleles ;
2 for , genetic engineering / genetic modification /
artificial selection / selective breeding / described ;
3 if conditions change / in the future ;
4 example of useful trait ;
5 to maintain , biodiversity / genetic diversity /
(large) gene pool ;

24
Q

State three phenotypic traits (characteristics) that have been selected for in dairy cows.

A

idea that (produces)
large , yield / volume / amount, of milk ;
idea of long lactation period ;
idea of high milk quality ;
large udders /
correct udder shape (for milking machine) ;
resistance to , (named) disease / mastitis / pathogens
or
effective immune system ;
idea of calm temperament ;

25
Q

Suggest why monkeys rather than other laboratory animals, such as rats, were used for this work and comment on whether their use in this way is justified or not.

A
monkeys rather than rats
idea that (humans & monkeys) closely related /
 share more genes / share a common ancestor ;
(humans & monkeys) both primates ;
idea that brain / body ,
 structure / physiology / behaviour ,
 similar (to humans) ;
monkey brain bigger (than rat) ;
max 2
comment
argument in favour ;
argument against ;
26
Q

Suggest two characteristics that researchers should look for when choosing an organism for research into how genes control development.

A
small ;
short life cycle ;
easy to, keep / breed / AW ;
cheap (to buy / keep ) ;
readily available / common / not rare ;
large cells ;
previously well-studied / many known mutants ;