Mandy DD Part 1 Flashcards
Prevalence and background of dd
From delayed mental/physical development. Can be physical or mental. Around 13% students are SEN, 4% severe. SEN 4x more likely to have anxiety disorders. More m than f. 7.4% dld
What is the medical model
Measures indv against norm, deficit view to provide treatment and support. Legitimises conditions, builds knowledge. W: limits understanding by looking at individual, view as deficit, can made diagnosis in masking adults diff and focus on cure is problematic- common underlying neurodevelopmental continuum
Social model
1975- way to change systems in society but had an impact on research. Diff between impairment and disability (disability due to society so looks at removing barriers). New ways of describing and understanding conditions
Diff in neurodiversity
Singer 98 (sociologist) developed neurodivergent as opposed to neurotypical. Focuses on diffs and strengths not deficits but can be problematic (ppl don’t Id with strengths)
Wolff: white matter and development
measured white matter tract by seeing how water passes through the brain. 92 infants test at 6,12 and 24 months. At 6 months, later diagnosed with autism had higher white matter integrity, 12 months no diffs then reversed at 24 months
Development timing
Nuerodiv. Have atypical timings which can alter their environmental input and misaligns growth across domains
Estes 2015: infants that had autism had motor impairments at 6 months which led to communication deficits (gesture use..)
Example of how brains differ massand
Massand 2013: adults with and without autism learnt words the same but EEG showed occurred within diff areas of the brain
Different research methods
Cross sectional (quick and cheap but can’t show change, usually age/skill matched). Longitudinal, intervention studies/randomised control trials (measure ability, intervention, measure change and placebo). -example Reynolds 2003: intervention to improve cerebral function Improved dyslexia but didn’t randomly allocate so one group better and no placebo
Causal models
Morton and frith 1995: behavioural level is the actions observed, cognitive level can only be inferred, biological level is brain, genes and functioning and all are affected by the environment
Comorbidity definition
When two or more disorders occur at the same time at a greater rate than chance
DLD background
Used to be specific language impairment, language skills below peers (1-2sd). Typical oral motor function, no hearing loss or nuero damage or psych problems but may have cog delay. 7% preschoolers. Poor vocab, phonology (distinguish/repeat), poor grammar in inflection morphology. Behaviouraldisplay (grammar representation deficit)
Causal model/theoretical framework (Morton and frith, hulme and snowling
Behavioural first (what is observed), then cognitive, then biological and each stage interacts with environment. Can lead to hypotheses but no developmental change/comorbidity
Phonology and morphology definition
Phonology is the pattern of speech sounds (phonemes) within language. Morphology is the smallest meaningful unit in grammar of language e.g unladylike has 3
Grammar and syntax definition
Grammar is a system of rules by which words are properly formed/combined in a language. Syntax is a more general set of rules about combinations of words and phrases that can be used for sentences
Inflection morphology
Where a morpheme is added to a grammatical category (noun, verb, adjective) to assign a property (tense, number, possession)
Symptoms of dld using the model
Behavioural- specific deficit in grammatical representations. At cognitive- information processing limitations , auditory processing deficits and phonological deficits. Biological-procedural deficit hypothesis
Procedural deficit hypothesis PDH
Systems in LTM: procedural (skill learning in basal ganglia and cerebellum) and declarative (hippocampus learning word difficulties). Deficit in procedural causes language deficits and nonverbal like sequence learning. Have spared declarative memory (vocab learning not affected so compensatory)contradicts symptoms
Language network
Involved: inferior frontal gyrus, superior and middle temp gyri, brocas and wernickes area. Mixed evidence for diffs: Mayes 2015 studies have found atypical inferior frontal gyrus and striatum, some say increased vol, some decreased and activation. BOLD mri supports diffs in striatum and left frontal fury is w decreased myelination