Managing the Impacts of Climate Change at the Local Level

Question 1

What does a top-down decision making approach involve?

Answer 1

• Economic decision theory
• Decision –> consequences –> utility
• Providing a blueprint that is then directly translated into action ‘on the ground’ (Urwin and Jordan, 2008)
• Homo economicus
  • “Effective mitigation will not be achieved if individual agents advance their own interests independently” (IPCC)

Question 2

What is a need approach?

Answer 2

• Information –> Comprehension –> Intention –> Action
• Linear model

Clark, 2002

Question 3

What is Public Education Model?

Answer 3

• Expert knowledge –talking between–> Intermediaries –talking to–> the “public”
• Expert knowledge is assumed:
  
  • Universal and object because institutionalised and governed by codes of practice
  • Therefore generate and use data – empirical knowledge that is sufficient
• The public knowledge is assumed:
  
  • Local and subjective because experience not the same as data and not part of institution
  • Therefore need education because experiences deficient

Question 4

What is the public debate model?

Answer 4

• Education overcomes deficit in public knowledge
• Scientific knowledge never complete so can be contested
• Consultation and open debate

Callon, 1999

Question 5

What is the co-production of Knowledge Model?

Answer 5

• Dynamic, collective learning
• Publics should participate in process of knowledge generation
• Science no longer privileged
• Reflexion on importance of place

Question 6

What is expert knowledge?

Answer 6

• Virtue of your position in a network
• Need experience beyond theory
• Move to upstream engagement in science and decision making

Question 7

What is citizen science?

Answer 7

• Question driven and observational approaches
• Large scales of data collection from knowledgeable individuals

Silvertown (2009)

Question 8

What are local examples of citizen science?

Answer 8

• Toonflood – use of social media to look at flooding in 2012
• Morpeth Flood-Action Group – participatory mapping of 2008 event

Silvertown, 2009

Question 9

How is the use of role-playing games used in participatory approaches?

Answer 9

• Use of RPG to evaluate general strategies of decision-makingused
• Carry out individual interviews to evaluate rationalesfor approaches taken
• Develop simple version of computer modelwith generic scenarios
• Simple model used in participatory mode to discuss scenario outcomes and their realism
• Repeated elsewhere to evaluate generalizability/variability
• Upscaling and use to evaluate/justify in broader policy context
• Hybrid Problems <–> Hybrid Solutions

Castella et al. (2015)

Question 10

What is double loop learning?

Answer 10

• Modifying decision making rules in light of experience
• Questions underlying assumptions
• Often a mark of successful social learning
• Social learning links top-down and bottom-up approaches through understanding of how people gain knowledge and use it to develop adaptive responses

Question 11

According to Jasanoff and Wyne (1998) what is policy framing influenced by?

Answer 11

1. Academic – science
2. Civic – values
3. Economic – costs/benefits
4. Bureaucratic – rules and practices

Question 12

How is science framed in the climate change debate according to Jasanoff and Wynne (1998)?

Answer 12

Science overcomes spatial, temporal and cultural barriers to achieve a practical universality through neutral, policy-relevant, scientific discourses