Managing Ecosystems Sustainably

Question 1

What do most people think about conservation?

Answer 1

They think its not important and don’t care about it

Question 2

What is the first reason of this view of conservation?

Answer 2

Humans need more space to build more houses and for farming

Question 3

What is the second reason of this view of conservation?

Answer 3

It costs too much money and the results are not worth it or short lived

Question 4

What is the third reason of this view of conservation?

Answer 4

Poor people need the lands for their livelihoods and to feed their families

Question 5

What is the fourth reason of this view of conservation?

Answer 5

Poor people can make lots of money from poaching

Question 6

What is the fifth reason of this view of conservation?

Answer 6

Endangered animals are killed because they eat livestock and trample crops

Question 7

What is the sixth reason of this view of conservation?

Answer 7

Poor people are uneducated so don’t understand the importance of conservation

Question 8

What is the first way to manage small scale timber production?

Answer 8

Coppicing

Question 9

What is coppicing?

Answer 9

-cutting the trunk of a deciduous tree close to ground but let it grow back
-grow back into thin woody stems which can be harvested for fences/firewood
-cycle continues

Question 10

What is the second way to manage small scale timber production?

Answer 10

Pollarding

Question 11

What is pollarding?

Answer 11

-Is like coppicing but trunks cut up higher
-Stops large herbivores e.g deer to stop them eating new shoots as they can’t reach

Question 12

What is the third way to manage small scale timber production?

Answer 12

Rotational Coppicing

Question 13

What is rotational coppicing?

Answer 13

Divide woodland into section and cut one section each year

Question 14

What are the 4 advantages to coppicing?

Answer 14

-Supply of carbon neutral fuel
-Supply of wood for manufacturing
-Increased light to woodland floor
-Increased biodiversity in the area

Question 15

What is the first way to manage large scale timber production?

Answer 15

Clear felling

Question 16

What does clear felling provide us with?

Answer 16

Large-scale wood for timber

Question 17

What are the disadvantages of clear felling?

Answer 17

-Destroys habitats
-Reduces soil mineral levels
-Soil is more susceptible to erosion

Question 18

What could clear felling involve?

Answer 18

Leaving each section of woodland to mature for 50-100 years before felling allowing biodiversity to increase

Question 19

Why is this way of clear felling not used?

Answer 19

Timescale is too long and not cost effective

Question 20

What is the modern way of sustainable forestry (clear felling) which avoids this?

Answer 20

-Plant a tree for each felled
-Only remove the largest tree
-Care for trees and allow them to grow

Question 21

What is on the rise as the human population grows?

Answer 21

Demand for fish and seafood

Question 22

What is important about the fishing industry?

Answer 22

Has high economical value and provides livelihoods for millions

Question 23

Who proposed the 3 principles for sustainable management of fisheries?

Answer 23

Marine Stewardship

Question 24

What is the first principle proposed?

Answer 24

Fishing must take place at a level to allow it to continue indefinitely

Question 25

Why is it important that fishing takes place at this level?

Answer 25

Over-fishing can be avoided but if it does happen its to be reduced until stocks recover.

Question 26

Why is this principle good for the sustainable management for fisheries?

Answer 26

Can rapidly increase the productivity and is good for profitability

Question 27

What is the optimum for fisheries?

Answer 27

To keep fish populations at carrying capacity and to harvest the excess

Question 28

What is the second principle proposed?

Answer 28

Fishing must be managed to maintain the structure, productivity, function and diversity of ecosystem

Question 29

What does this principle mean to the local habitat/ecosystem?

Answer 29

Shouldn't be permanent damage and the effects that occur are minimised

Question 30

What is the third principle proposed?

Answer 30

Fishery must adapt to changes in circumstances and comply with local, national and international regulations

Question 31

What is aquaculture?

Answer 31

Breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants.

Question 32

What can aquaculture provide?

Answer 32

Sustainable fishing stocks

Question 33

How can aquaculture be used to restrict the impact on oceanic fish stocks?

Answer 33

Raise the stocks in aquaculture

Question 34

What is happening to aquaculture?

Answer 34

Is expanding rapidly especially in the developing world and is expected to feed more people than traditional capture fisheries in the future

Question 35

What has increased the human impact on the environment?

Answer 35

Rapid population growth since 18th century

Question 36

What is increasing as the population is increasing?

Answer 36

The need for space for infrastructure and farming, food, clean water and resources

Question 37

What is the effect of the increasing need for resources?

Answer 37

Means that human are having a disproportionate effect on other species

Question 38

What are the human activities that are influencing animal and plant populations?

Answer 38

-Climate Change -Introduction of non-native species -Hunting -Loss of habitats

Question 39

What has the large scale burning of fossil fuels led to?

Answer 39

A large increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which has resulted in higher global average temperatures

Question 40

What are the effects of the higher global average temperatures?

Answer 40

-Changes in weather patterns -Melting polar ice caps -Rising sea levels causing floods and salination of soil -Rising ocean temperatures and acidity

Question 41

What have these effects changes?

Answer 41

The habitats of some species which puts survival at risk e.g. polar bears

Question 42

What can the introduction of non-native species occur due to?

Answer 42

-Travel -Keeping animals as pets -Growing attractive plants in gardens -Introduction of biological pest control

Question 43

Why can non-native species be problematic?

Answer 43

As they often have no natural competitors, predators or pathogens which help to limit population growth so populations can grow very quickly

Question 44

How can non-native species negatively affect native species?

Answer 44

Through competition and disease

Question 45

What can hunting result in?

Answer 45

Over exploitation of a natural resource

Question 46

What does this over exploitation mean for some populations?

Answer 46

They are hunted so much that they are unable to recover so end up in extinction

Question 47

Why must harvesting animals for food be carried out in a sustainable way?

Answer 47

To ensure extinction doesn't occur

Question 48

How does habitat loss happen?

Answer 48

Humans cut down forests and drain wetlands to create lands for farming

Question 49

As habitat loss happens, what also occurs?

Answer 49

Pollution of water, soil and air

Question 50

As habitat area is reduced, what will species do?

Answer 50

-Search for other suitable habitats -Compete for remaining habitat

Question 51

Overall, what then happens to habitats?

Answer 51

The range becomes so small that a species is unable to survive and becomes extinct

Question 52

How can we control the effects of human activities?

Answer 52

Control measures are in place across the globe to help mitigate the impact of human activities

Question 53

Give some examples of the control measures put in place.

Answer 53

-Prohibiting import/export of species -Reducing sources of greenhouse gases -Increasing capacity of "sinks"