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Biology-Population and Sustainability > Managing Ecosystems Sustainably > Flashcards

Managing Ecosystems Sustainably Flashcards

1
Q

What do most people think about conservation?

A

They think its not important and don’t care about it

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2
Q

What is the first reason of this view of conservation?

A

Humans need more space to build more houses and for farming

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3
Q

What is the second reason of this view of conservation?

A

It costs too much money and the results are not worth it or short lived

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4
Q

What is the third reason of this view of conservation?

A

Poor people need the lands for their livelihoods and to feed their families

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5
Q

What is the fourth reason of this view of conservation?

A

Poor people can make lots of money from poaching

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6
Q

What is the fifth reason of this view of conservation?

A

Endangered animals are killed because they eat livestock and trample crops

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7
Q

What is the sixth reason of this view of conservation?

A

Poor people are uneducated so don’t understand the importance of conservation

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8
Q

What is the first way to manage small scale timber production?

A

Coppicing

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9
Q

What is coppicing?

A

-cutting the trunk of a deciduous tree close to ground but let it grow back
-grow back into thin woody stems which can be harvested for fences/firewood
-cycle continues

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10
Q

What is the second way to manage small scale timber production?

A

Pollarding

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11
Q

What is pollarding?

A

-Is like coppicing but trunks cut up higher
-Stops large herbivores e.g deer to stop them eating new shoots as they can’t reach

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12
Q

What is the third way to manage small scale timber production?

A

Rotational Coppicing

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13
Q

What is rotational coppicing?

A

Divide woodland into section and cut one section each year

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14
Q

What are the 4 advantages to coppicing?

A

-Supply of carbon neutral fuel
-Supply of wood for manufacturing
-Increased light to woodland floor
-Increased biodiversity in the area

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15
Q

What is the first way to manage large scale timber production?

A

Clear felling

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16
Q

What does clear felling provide us with?

A

Large-scale wood for timber

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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of clear felling?

A

-Destroys habitats
-Reduces soil mineral levels
-Soil is more susceptible to erosion

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18
Q

What could clear felling involve?

A

Leaving each section of woodland to mature for 50-100 years before felling allowing biodiversity to increase

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19
Q

Why is this way of clear felling not used?

A

Timescale is too long and not cost effective

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20
Q

What is the modern way of sustainable forestry (clear felling) which avoids this?

A

-Plant a tree for each felled
-Only remove the largest tree
-Care for trees and allow them to grow

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21
Q

What is on the rise as the human population grows?

A

Demand for fish and seafood

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22
Q

What is important about the fishing industry?

A

Has high economical value and provides livelihoods for millions

23
Q

Who proposed the 3 principles for sustainable management of fisheries?

A

Marine Stewardship

24
Q

What is the first principle proposed?

A

Fishing must take place at a level to allow it to continue indefinitely

25
Q

Why is it important that fishing takes place at this level?

A

Over-fishing can be avoided but if it does happen its to be reduced until stocks recover.

26
Q

Why is this principle good for the sustainable management for fisheries?

A

Can rapidly increase the productivity and is good for profitability

27
Q

What is the optimum for fisheries?

A

To keep fish populations at carrying capacity and to harvest the excess

28
Q

What is the second principle proposed?

A

Fishing must be managed to maintain the structure, productivity, function and diversity of ecosystem

29
Q

What does this principle mean to the local habitat/ecosystem?

A

Shouldn’t be permanent damage and the effects that occur are minimised

30
Q

What is the third principle proposed?

A

Fishery must adapt to changes in circumstances and comply with local, national and international regulations

31
Q

What is aquaculture?

A

Breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants.

32
Q

What can aquaculture provide?

A

Sustainable fishing stocks

33
Q

How can aquaculture be used to restrict the impact on oceanic fish stocks?

A

Raise the stocks in aquaculture

34
Q

What is happening to aquaculture?

A

Is expanding rapidly especially in the developing world and is expected to feed more people than traditional capture fisheries in the future

35
Q

What has increased the human impact on the environment?

A

Rapid population growth since 18th century

36
Q

What is increasing as the population is increasing?

A

The need for space for infrastructure and farming, food, clean water and resources

37
Q

What is the effect of the increasing need for resources?

A

Means that human are having a disproportionate effect on other species

38
Q

What are the human activities that are influencing animal and plant populations?

A

-Climate Change
-Introduction of non-native species
-Hunting
-Loss of habitats

39
Q

What has the large scale burning of fossil fuels led to?

A

A large increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which has resulted in higher global average temperatures

40
Q

What are the effects of the higher global average temperatures?

A

-Changes in weather patterns
-Melting polar ice caps
-Rising sea levels causing floods and salination of soil
-Rising ocean temperatures and acidity

41
Q

What have these effects changes?

A

The habitats of some species which puts survival at risk e.g. polar bears

42
Q

What can the introduction of non-native species occur due to?

A

-Travel
-Keeping animals as pets
-Growing attractive plants in gardens
-Introduction of biological pest control

43
Q

Why can non-native species be problematic?

A

As they often have no natural competitors, predators or pathogens which help to limit population growth so populations can grow very quickly

44
Q

How can non-native species negatively affect native species?

A

Through competition and disease

45
Q

What can hunting result in?

A

Over exploitation of a natural resource

46
Q

What does this over exploitation mean for some populations?

A

They are hunted so much that they are unable to recover so end up in extinction

47
Q

Why must harvesting animals for food be carried out in a sustainable way?

A

To ensure extinction doesn’t occur

48
Q

How does habitat loss happen?

A

Humans cut down forests and drain wetlands to create lands for farming

49
Q

As habitat loss happens, what also occurs?

A

Pollution of water, soil and air

50
Q

As habitat area is reduced, what will species do?

A

-Search for other suitable habitats
-Compete for remaining habitat

51
Q

Overall, what then happens to habitats?

A

The range becomes so small that a species is unable to survive and becomes extinct

52
Q

How can we control the effects of human activities?

A

Control measures are in place across the globe to help mitigate the impact of human activities

53
Q

Give some examples of the control measures put in place.

A

-Prohibiting import/export of species
-Reducing sources of greenhouse gases
-Increasing capacity of “sinks”

Biology-Population and Sustainability (4 decks)

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