Management of shock and non-routine surgical wounds Flashcards
what are the four types of shock?
- cardiogenic
- hypovolaemic
- distributive
- obstructive
what is hypovolaemic shock?
- loss of circulating blood volume which results in a decrease in tissue perfusion
what are some signs of hypovolaemic shock?
- cold extremities
- tachycardia
- prolonged CRT
- oliguria
- weakness and lethargy
what is cardiogenic shock?
- occurs when pumping action of heart is severely impaired leading to circulatory failure
what are some signs of cardiogenic shock?
- heart murmur
- irregular pulses
- ascites
what is distributive shock?
- when the body suffers a severe infection/inflammation that causes the generalised release of inflammatory mediators that promote peripheral vasodilation
what are some signs of distributive shock?
- loss of peripheral resistance
- resistance to blood flow
- potential increase in vascular permeability
- fluid loss into body cavities
- release of inflammatory mediators
what are some clinical symptoms of shock?
- deterioration of mental state
- alteration of mm colour
- increased/decrease of CRT
- tachycardia
- poor pulse quality
- cold extremities
what are some types of fluids?
- isotonic crystalloids
- hypotonic crystalloids
- hypertonic crystalloids
- colloids
what are isotonic crystalloids?
osmolality similar to that of plasma they distribute into intravascular and interstitial space - 0.9% saline
what are hypotonic crystalloids?
osmolality less than plasma - 0.45% saline
what are hypertonic crystalloids?
osmolality greater than plasma - 7.2% saline
what are colloids?
large molecules that increase the oncotic pressure of plasma (hypotension, hypovolaemia, blood loss)
what volume of isotonic crystalloid should be given to cats and dogs?
- cats - 40-60ml/kg
- dog - 60-90ml/kg
what volume of colloids should be given to cats and dogs?
- Cats - 5-10ml/kg
- dogs - 10-20ml/kg
when would you need a thoracotomy tube?
mandatory after thoracic procedures or when fluid keeps refilling after thoracocentesis
what do thoracotomy tubes allow?
the evacuation of the pleural space following surgery
what is a pneumothorax?
air in the thoracic cavity
what is a pyothorax?
purulent fluid/exudate in the thoracic cavity
what is a haemothorax?
blood in the thoracic cavity
what is a chylothorax?
chyle in the thoracic cavity
what is a pleural effusion?
a non-specific term for fluid within the thoracic cavity
what are the two types of thoracotomy tubes?
- soft silicone
- polyvinylchloride
what is a heimlich valve?
- connected to the drain to allow continuous drainage and prevents air from travelling back long the tube
