Management Of Common Property Resources Flashcards
What have social scientists found as a critique agsinst Hardin’s assumptions about common property resources?
Only property that can be overexploited by everyone without charge is subject to problems of explotation.
What is a key distinction people have to make regarding non-private property?
There is a difference between communally owned resources and open-access resources. Property owned communally has an owner after all.
What is an example of communally owned resources and regulation in Europe?
Co-owners of commons were the people from particular villages or municipalities. They were allowed to graze usually only during daylight hours and for a sets season. no person was allowed to graze more animals and he could feed during the winter. if a shortage of space or forage threatened, each co owner was assigned a quota which was called stinting. (McCay and Acheson 1987)
What is an example pf population and exploitation control in Africa?
Among the Tigray of Ethiopia a tribal horticultural and pastoral society, land is switched by the decision of the Village council from private tenure to community owned property in order to attract additional population. whenever over-population threatens the land is switchback to private ownership to deter migration.
An example of communal regulations placed upon land in Asia?
In one peasant agricultural village in Borneo land is treated as private property in the dry rice growing season and as common property in the rainy wet season when the land is covered by water.
What is special about common property and fishing rights?
In some societies fishing rights are held by individuals this is true among many tribal Indian groups of the north west coast of North America such as the Salish; among present-day herring fisherman in Sweden; among peasant lobster fisherman in the Yucatán peninsula of Mexico; and in the fixed gear fisheries of Canadian great lakes were certain families have held traditional fishing rights for generations.
In even more cases the fishing rides are owned community and access to ocean area and fish resources are reserved for community members this is true and such diverse fisheries as the Maine lobster fishery with a lobster fisherman from each harbor jointly owned the lobster fishing rights in the waters adjacent to their harbors.
What are other forms of controlling common property resources other than property rights
Such institutions such as quotas restrictions on technology ,and areas that can be used, the restrictions on ages and sexes of, the animals that can be taken, and secrecy
What example is there in North East United States of quotas being used to in increase effeciency and reduce overs]fishing?
In one industrialized fishery in New Jersey the cooperative established a quota on the whiting the most important species. each day the cooperative manager set a quota depending on the amount of fish he could sell at a reasonable price. the catches of all boats that had fish that day were pooled and the proceeds for the days catch were share jointly by all the boats regardless of what they had caught. this reduce the incentive to over fish and to invest in the newest and most efficient equipment
What is another way of controlling over fishing that is not quotasnor property rights
The institution of restrictions and effective technology such as in the Chesapeake oyster fishery boats must be propelled by sail and only hand tongs can be used
What is a noninstitutional way of creating de facto property rights
The use of secrecy and esoteric information.
Does private property write always conserve?
There is no simple answer in some societies operating under a certain condition property ridghtsdo seem to aid conservation while others do not all depends on the anthropological case in question.
What is an undiscussed cause of the dust bowl conditions of the 1930s
Irresponsible soil management practices
What is an example of a management of private property of natural resources that was conducted less efficiently than a public regulated resource
German forests in private hands were managed far less efficiently the municipally owned forests which have become models of forest management
What are two opposite cases of private property rights protecting and not protecting resources
In case a marine tenure systems in Oceana are designed to enable the islanders is to control the types and degrees of exploitation of their waters and thereby protect them against impoverishment. the mechanism is simple. Where fishing right exists it is clearly to the advantage of those who controls into fish in moderation for this insures the future productivity of their fishing grounds
On the other hand other anthropologist it’s like James carrier who worked in the Ponam area of New Guinea argued the private property rights over reef and Laguna areas did nothing to conserve the fish resources And probably increased exploitative effort. Here fish resources are owned by clans and people in the society are more than willing to exchange fishing privileges for prestige. the point of ownership on Ponam, then, was not too accumulate fishing- this could be done ways that did not involve ownership- but to be as generous as possible with one’s own and one’s lineage’s property- echoing Molinowski’s much earlier statement that among Trobriand fisherman the privilege of giving is highly valued. one owns property here to give it away with prestige and power i mind.
What is a case in Maine which supports the theory that property rights encourage conservation but does not make it a law?
Lobsterman on the coast of central Maine practice two types of property rights as pertains to water area : nucleated and perimeter. In perimeter boundary rights, there is no mixed fishing, there is a violent and closed off gang and conservation is practiced by voluntarily limiting the number of traps each man can fish. A man with fewer traps tends to them more frequently and loses less. Year after year, perimiter defended areas catch more and bigger lobsters per trap than nucleated areas.
