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Management 315 Final Exam > Management 315 Final Exam > Flashcards

Management 315 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What do Process Theories (Reinforcement Theory, Expectancy Theory, Goal Setting Theory, Equity Theory) focus on?

A

How behavior change occurs

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2
Q

What do Content Theories ( Job Characteristics Theory, Visionary Leadership + Identification) emphasize?

A

The reasons for motivated behavior

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3
Q

Motivation is the combined effect on behavior of three choices:

A

Direction, intensity, and persistence

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4
Q

Direction choice of motivation

A

The choice to expend effort on something

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5
Q

Intensity choice of motivation

A

The choice of the level of effort to expend

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6
Q

Persistence choice of motivation

A

The choice to persist at a certain level of effort

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7
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A
  • Do something to get a reward or to avoid punishment

- Good for production tasks

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8
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A
  • Do something because the activity itself is enjoyable
  • Good for creativity tasks
  • Meaningful work
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9
Q

Which type of motivation is most effective for sustained performance?

A

Intrinsic motivation

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10
Q

Which type of motivation do employers focus on most?

A

Extrinsic motivation

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11
Q

Positive reinforcement

A
  • Increases desired behavior

- GIVE GOOD

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12
Q

Negative reinforcement

A
  • Increases desired behavior

- TAKE BAD

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13
Q

Punishment

A
  • Decreases undesired behavior

- GIVE BAD/TAKE GOOD

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14
Q

Reinforcement most effective when:

A
  • Directly tied to behavior
  • Either reward or punishment tied to what people value
  • Magnitude needs to be in line with behavior
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15
Q

Expectancy Theory: Motivation is fostered when an employee believes three things

A
  • There is high Expectancy (Effort -> Performance)
  • There is high Instrumentality (Performance ->
    Outcomes)
  • There is high Valence (Outcomes are valuable to the employee)
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16
Q

Which of the following needs is most likely to increase outcome valence?
Safety needs; Belonging needs; Self-actualization needs

A

It depends on what need is least satisfied

17
Q

Expectancy Theory: Motivation =

A
  • (Effort -> Performance) x Σ(Performance -> Outcomes) x Valence
  • Motivation is zero is either expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is zero
18
Q

Goal Setting Theory: When is motivation fostered?

A

When employees have specific and challenging (S.M.A.R.T.) goals

19
Q

Which of the following characteristics of a goal is effective in increasing motivation?
A. A self-set goal, because it increases commitment
B. A difficult but attainable goal, because it increases direction and intensity
C. A measurable goal, because it allows for accurate feedback
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

20
Q

Equity Theory

A

Motivation and satisfaction are high when an employee’s ratio of “outcomes” (Pay/promotions, praise, better working conditions, etc.) to “inputs” (Job performance/effort, seniority, training and education, etc.) matches those of some “comparison other”

21
Q

What is a likely response to underreward and overreward cases of outcomes?

A

Underreward: envy; Overreward: reevaluation of inputs

22
Q

Comparison others may be:

A
  • Internal (in the same firm)
  • External (in another firm)
  • Often the most powerful method for changing equity perceptions is changing the comparison other
23
Q

Job Characteristics Theory

A

Variety, Identity, Significance, Autonomy, and Feedback tend to be strongly correlated with job satisfaction

24
Q

What can you as a manager do to increase meaningfulness?

A
  • Job rotation: providing employees with different tasks or jobs
  • Job enlargement - increasing number of tasks
25
Q

What can you as a manager do to increase responsibility?

A
  • Job enrichment: empowering employees to make decisions
26
Q

What can you as a manager do to increase knowledge of results?

A
  • Feedback: design SMART goals
27
Q

What is a vision?

A

Future images of the collective

28
Q

How do visionary leaders motivate?

A

Visionary leaders motivate followers by painting a picture of who we might become

29
Q

Visions can motivate when:

A
  • Appeal to the core of who we are
  • Create a sense of purpose and security
  • Solidifies our collective identity
30
Q

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A. Giving praise after successful completion of a project
B. Taking away a chore from your list of chores after getting an A
C. Being fired after getting caught stealing from the office
D. Getting attention from co-workers after making fun of another colleague

A

B. Taking away a chore from your list of chores after getting an A

Management 315 Final Exam (1 decks)

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