MAMMOGRAPHY 1&2 Flashcards
Breasts are made up of
fat and glandular tissue, with nerves, arteries and veins, and connective tissue that provides the support
structure.
Breast anatomy is such that the internal and external support structures enable the breast to be mobile in
inferiorly and at the lateral border.
It develops at puberty and is sited on the
anterior chest wall overlying the pectoralis major muscle between the 2nd to 6th ribs vertically and from the sternum medially to the mid axillary line laterally.
The process
of development usually takes about
3–5 years.
Once fully developed the breast is what shape?
tear drop’ shaped.
Externally the breast comprises of:
• The nipple • The areolar
• Skin • Inframammary Fold • Montgomery’s Glands (Tubercles)
Internally the breast comprises of:
A. Lactiferous duct B. Lobules C. Cross section of lactiferous duct
D. Nipple
G. Chest wall / ribs
H. Cooper’s ligaments
E .Adipose tissue
I. Retromammary space
F. Pectoralis major muscles
Terminal Ductal Lobular Units (TDLU)
• Deep Fascia
Lactiferous Sinuses (Ampullae)
Glandular Tissue lobules – 15–20 lobes
nodes lie lateral to the lateral border of the pectoralis major muscle and can extend into the axillary tail,
Level I
nodes lie beneath the pectoralis minor muscle
level ll
nodes lie medially and superiorly to the pectoralis minor muscle up to the clavicle.
Level III
The acini and ducts are made up of three layers:
✓ • Basement Membrane
✓ • Myoepithelial Layer
✓ • Epithelial Lining .
Following the onset of menstruation, the ovaries begin to produce progesterone and this
causes
lobules and acini or milk glands to develop
at the ends of the lactiferous ducts
The breasts
develop from the
buds sited bilaterally on the
anterior chest wall overlying the pectoralis major
muscle and once formed will lie between the 2nd
to 6th ribs vertically and from the sternum medially to the mid axillary line laterally.
. This condition arises as a response to hormonal imbalances which can occur at puberty or in later life as a result of disease, medication, recreational drug use or excessive alcohol consumption.
gynaecomastia
occurs when fat is deposited on the anterior chest wall under the nipple areolar complex and looks very similar outwardly to true gynaecomastia
Pseudogynaecomastia
The breast can be macroscopically divided into two main parts.
The glandular component is the first of these and is concerned with
milk production. The second part consists of all the other tissues that make up and support the breast. These include fat, fascia (connective tissue), and muscles.
Breast tissue extends into the low axilla as a triangular shaped projection – this portion of the breast is called
the axillary tail or ‘Tail of Spence’
The glandular component consists of ______lobes which radiate out from the nipple. Each one of these is made up of ______ lobules which contain multiple _____ - where milk is produced and stored during lactation.
15-20, 10-100, acini
JUST SOME KNOWLEDGE: These are drained by a network of small ducts (intralobular ducts) which come together to form a single duct draining each
lobule (interlobular duct). The interlobular ducts in turn join to form intralobar ducts which jointly form a single lactiferous duct which drains that lobe. The purpose of the ducts is to transport milk; the lactiferous ducts dilate just under the nipple to form the lactiferous sinus or ampulla and then narrow and terminate at the surface of the nipple. The lobes are separated by fibrous septae and connective tissue stroma
HEEHEE
Over 90 % of breast carcinomas originate in these units as do many benign breast diseases.
TDLU(TERMINAL DUCTAL LOBAR UNIT)
is a term used to describe a cancer that starts in the lining layer (epithelial cells) of organs like the breast.
carcinoma
Nearly all breast cancers are
carcinomas
Most are the type of carcinoma that starts in glandular tissue called
adenocarcinoma
is a benign (non-cancerous) breast condition in which the lobules (milk-producing glands) are enlarged, and there are more glands than usual. It is often found in biopsies of women who have fibrosis or cysts in their breasts.
Adenosis
- is a special type of adenosis in which the enlarged lobules are distorted by scar-like tissue. This type may cause breast pain.
Sclerosing adenosis
it is the transformation of breast epithelial cells into an apocrine or sweat‐gland type of cells, often occurs in the peripheral parenchyma, particularly among premenopausal women and it is usually associated with gross cysts in fibrocystic breast disease, the most common non‐cancerous disease of the breast.
Apocrine metaplasia -
- are a benign (not cancer) condition. They’re one of the most common causes of a breast lump and can develop in either one or both breasts. It’s thought they develop naturally as the breast changes with age due to normal changes in hormone levels.
Breast Cysts
are two common, closely related, non-cancerous
conditions that often develop together in the breast.
Columnar cell change and Columnar cell hyperplasia
- nonneoplastic alteration characterized by spherules of basement membrane material surrounded by myoepithelial cells
Collagenous spherulosis -
-, is a benign (non-cancerous) breast condition that occurs when a milk duct in the breast widens and its walls thicken.
Duct Ectasia
- is a pathological entity encountered when breast biopsies are done for investigation
of punctate or amorphous calcifications. involves the terminal ductal and lobular units (TDLU’s).
Columnar alteration with prominent apical snouts and secretions (CAPSS)
, wart-like tumors that grow within the milk ducts of the breast. They are made up of gland tissue along with fibrous tissue and blood vessels (called fibrovascular tissue
Intraductal Papilloma’s of the Breast -
it occurs when one breast has a different size, volume, position,
or form from the other.
- A common abnormality seen on mammogram
Breast Asymmetry
- is a condition in which the nipple is pulled inward into the breast instead of pointing outward.
Inverted Nipples
Inverted Nipples are aka
nipple inversion, nipple retraction, or invaginated nipple,
- tissue is a relatively common congenital condition in which abnormal accessory breast tissue is seen in addition to the presence of normal breast tissue.
- can be found anywhere along the thoracoabdominal region of the milk line (the embryologic mammary streak) but are most frequently found in the axilla and may occur bilaterally.
Accessory breast tissue
– it come in different shapes and sizes.
Normal breast tissue can sometimes feel lumpy.
Lumps
can be a sign of a serious form of cancer known
as inflammatory breast cancer.
Dimpling
dimpling of the breast causes the skin to look like
pitting and uneven skin of an orange. Sometimes, the skin can also be red and inflamed.
Also known as peau d’orange
Dimpling
. Breast pain aka
mastalgia
CLINICAL BREAST CHANGES
LUMPS
THICKENING
SWELLING
DIMPLING
SKIN IRRITATION
BREAST PAIN
swelling caused by a
build-up of fluid in the body’s tissues.
- is a long-term condition, which means that once it has developed it can be controlled but is unlikely to ever go away completely.
Lymphoedema
Breast Changes During Your Lifetime That Are Not Cancer
Before or during your menstrual periods
2. During pregnancy
3. As you approach menopause
4. If you are taking hormones
5. After menopause
DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CARCINOMA
- Mammography
- Ultrasound
- MRI
- Biopsy
- Laboratory Test
types of Mammography
SCREENING
DIAGNOSTIC
