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Mammary physiology > mammary physiology > Flashcards

mammary physiology Flashcards

Internal and external mammary anatomy

1
Q

_______ function to keep milk in udder and bacteria out of udder. Its distal end is closed by the _________, which ____ during milking, allowing the orifice to _______

A

Streak canals; teat sphincter; relaxes; open

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2
Q

Canal patency ______ and streak canal length ____ with lactation

A

decreases, increases

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3
Q

a ____ forms during a dry period to help seal the canal.

A

keratin plug

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4
Q

____ are designed to minimize the chance of bacteria entering the gland because the ______ remains open for one hour or more after milking.

A

teat dips; streak canal

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5
Q

The ____ is separated from the streak canal by folds of tissue called the ____, which prevents milk leakage when the udder is full and is the entry point of ____. The capacity of this appendage is ____ mL.

A

teat cistern; Furstenberg’s rosette; leukocytes; 30-45

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6
Q

The collecting area for the mammary ducts is the _____, which contains a capacity of up to ____ mL of milk.

A

gland cistern; 400

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7
Q

The _______ marks the boundary between the teat cistern and the gland cistern

A

cricoid fold

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8
Q

_____ are located at the proximal end of the teat cistern

A

cricoid rings

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9
Q

_______ branch from the gland cistern

A

mammary ducts

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10
Q

_________, which are essential to milk production, form a barrier to the passage of substances from the blood to the lumen. They line the _______ and are attached to the _____.

A

Alveolar epithelial cells; alveolar lumen; basement membrane

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11
Q

________ make up the lining surrounded by contractile cells. They contract in response to the presence of ______ and squeeze milk out of the alveolar lumen and into small ducts. They make up an __________ of cells, meaning the stimulation of one cell does not cause contraction of all cells nearby.

A

alveolar myoepithelial cells; oxytocin; incomplete syncytium

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12
Q

______ bring milk building blocks to alveoli and remove waste products

A

capillaries

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13
Q

______ are associated with contraction of blood vessels and not with milk ejection

A

smooth alveolar muscle fibers

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14
Q

size and shape of cellular __ vary throughout milk production, and they position themselves at the base of the cell due to their ____

A

nuclei; polarity

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15
Q

____ increase in number per alveolar cells after parturition

A

mitochondria

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16
Q

_____ are the site of protein synthesis for retention in cell or export

A

ribosomes

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17
Q

____ is the the site of lactose synthesis and protein packaging. This organelle also hypertrophies during ______

A

Golgi Apparatus; lactogenesis

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18
Q

_____ originate in the Golgi apparatus to carry non-fat constituents and vesicular membranes to the apical membrane

A

secretory vesicles

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19
Q

____ are vesicles with enzymes that detoxify various compounds in the cell

A

peroxisomes

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20
Q

__ are active during involution or mastitis-related cell damage

A

lysosomes

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21
Q

_____ is the fluid matrix of the secretory cell and the site of anaerobic breakdown of ______

A

cytoplasm; glucose

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22
Q

___ are hollow tubes of protein tubulin that are important in cell division and are located in the _______

A

Microtubules; cytoskeleton

23
Q

____ are located around the apical portion of the cell, joining adjacent cells and forming tight barriers which stop the passage of material between cells

A

tight junctions

24
Q

___ join adjacent cells and allow materials of low molecular weight to move between cells

A

gap junctions

25
Q

the ______ is a thin layer of acellular proteins from connective tissue cells in the ______, composed of ____ as well as type IV collage, laminin, heparin, and sulfate proteoglycans. It modulates ____ and _____

A

Extracellular Matrix; parenchyma; basal lamina; cell shape; gene expression

26
Q

Milk precursors are taken from the blood into secretory cells through ______ and ____ membranes

A

basal; lateral

27
Q

milk is discharged through this into the lumen

A

apical membrane

28
Q

milk precursors come from the bloods through this, which is located in the interstitial space below the secretory cell

A

basement membrane

29
Q

the ____ presents during fetal life around day 40

A

mammary gland

30
Q

the horse has a _____ teat:gland ratio

A

1:2

31
Q

___ is the excessive or inappropriate production of milk

A

galactorrhea

32
Q

____ is the enlargement of a man’s breasts, usually due to hormone imbalance or hormone therapy

A

gynecomastia

33
Q

the ___ is the ductular and secretory tissue

A

parenchyma

34
Q

the __ is the connective and supporting tissue of an organ

A

stroma

35
Q

the __ are secretory epithelial cells, organized into lobules and lobes

A

alveoli

36
Q

duct systems are lined by …

A

epithelial cells

37
Q

the mammary support system is made up of the __ suspensory ligament, ____, _____ suspensory ligament, and fine connective membranes

A

lateral, pelvis, medial

38
Q

the 2 lateral suspensory ligaments are the ___ and ______, and are (inflexible/flexible). they arise from the ____ tendon

A

superficial; deep; flexible; subpelvic

39
Q

the ____ arises from the abdominal wall and is composed of two adjacent heavy yellow elastic sheets of tissue that respond to the weight of the udder, forming an __________.

A

median suspensory ligament; intermammary groove

40
Q

deep lateral suspensory ligaments are anchored by projections called _____

A

lamellae

41
Q

the teat is aka the _____

A

papilla mammae

42
Q

the skin of the teat is made up of ________ epithelial cells

A

stratified squamous

43
Q

The correlation between mammary gland weight and milk yield is

A

positive

44
Q

the primary source of support for holding the udder of the cow in place is the

A

median suspensory ligament

45
Q

lateral suspensory ligaments are made up mostly of _______ tissue

A

fibrous connective

46
Q

blood flow to the mammary gland requires ___ units of blood to pass through the gland to synthesize 1 unit of milk

A

400

47
Q

alveoli in the mammary gland of cattle are first formed during _____

A

pregnancy

48
Q

severing of the roots of all of the nerves supplying the mammary gland would reduce sensation, destroy ___ innervation, and eliminate neural control of ___ of the arterioles in the mammary gland

A

sympathetic; vasodilation

49
Q

milk flow through the streak canal is influenced by the _____ muscle of the teat

A

sphincter

50
Q

the alveolus contains how many layers of secretory epithelial cells?

A

1

51
Q

the germinal layer that gives rise to the mammary stroma is the ______

A

mesoderm

52
Q

mammary epithelial cells are derived from the ____derm, ___ cells, cells of the ______, and the germinal layer of the _______

A

ecto, cap, mammary, epithelium

53
Q

___ of the terminal end bud in rodent mammary glands are stem cells that give rise to other cells

A

cap cells

54
Q

extended periods of allometric growth of the mammary gland occurs during ____, ____, and ____ stages

A

postnatal; pregnancy; lactation

Mammary physiology (5 decks)

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