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bio 108\ > Mammals, Primates and Humans > Flashcards

Mammals, Primates and Humans Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

7 shared, derived traits of mammals?

A

Mammary glands
Hair or fur covering the body
3 middle ear bones
Endothermy
Dentary-squamosal jaw joint
Specialized teeth
Larger brain

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2
Q

What did mammary glands evolve from?

A

sweat glands

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3
Q

What is hair made of and what does it do?

A

fine, cylindrical keratin fibres
- insulates, protects and functions in sensory perception

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4
Q

Ear structure and origin?

A

middle ear bones formed from leftover jaw bones
- allows detection of higher frequency sounds
- eardrum is better protected as it is deep inside the head

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5
Q

What is the dentary-squamosal jaw joint?

A

Dentary (lower jawbone with teeth) and squamosal (small cranial bone) meet to form the haw joint
Articular and quadrate are reduced in size and incorporated into the ear

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6
Q

Teeth structure and function?

A
  • adapted for different functions reflecting diet
  • occlude closer than reptiles allowing fine grinding which increases surface area and digestion of food
  • 2 sets of teeth; milk teeth and adult teeth
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7
Q

What is the significance of a larger brain?

A

more development of neurocortex for higher functions such as
- sensory perception
- motor commands
- language

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8
Q

Other characteristics of mammals?

A
  • limbs positioned vertically under the body for better support, enables more efficient movement
  • diaphragm contributes to lung ventilation
  • copulate using intromittent organ for internal fertilization
  • viviparous
  • synapsids
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9
Q

Significance of palate-bone partition between nasal and oral cavity?

A

allows mammals to chew and breathe simultaneously allowing efficient food processing

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10
Q

What are the 3 lineages of mammals?

A

Order Monotremata, Order Marsupiala, Clade Eutheria

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11
Q

Monotreme characteristics?

A
  • oviparous but provide milk to young after hatching
  • no nipples, milk secreted from specialized hair patches
  • have cloacas
  • lack teeth as adults
  • feed on invertebrates
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12
Q

Shared derived traits of Theria?

A

Viviparous development
Placenta consisting of extraembryonic membranes and uterus lining
Post-birth nursing from nipples

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13
Q

Placenta function?

A

Provides initial nourishment to embryo by exchanging nutrients, metabolic waste and dissolved gases between the mothers and embryos blood.

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14
Q

Marsupial characteristics and embryo development?

A
  • embryo development in placenta in uterus is brief
  • born as partially developed embryos and complete development in marsupium (mothers pouch)
  • nipples and milk glands are inside the pouch
  • males and females possess cloaca
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15
Q

Eutherian characteristics and embryo development?

A
  • more complex placenta (shared, derived trait)
  • embryos complete development in uterus and placenta provides nourishment throughout development
  • post-birth young suckle milk from nipples
  • separate urinary and anal openings
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16
Q

4 clades of Eutherians?

A

Clade Afrotheria
Clade Xenartha (SA)
Clade Euarchontoglired
- Orders Primates and Rodentia
Clade Laurasiatheria
- hooved mammals, marine mammals, bats

17
Q

4 shared derived characteristics of primates

A

Hands and feet adapted for grasping
Large brain and short jaws
Forward-looking eyes positioned close together
Complex social behaviours

18
Q

How are primate hands and feet adapted?

A

thumb/big toe is separate from other fingers aiding in grasping
- monkeys and apes have opposable thumbs
- enable fine manipulation facilitated by flat nails

19
Q

How is primate vision adapted?

A

eyes provide depth perception critical for judging distances
- stereoscopic vision: field of vision from each eye overlaps
- vision increased, smell decreased

20
Q

What are the 3 main groups of primates?

A

Lemurs, lorises and bush babies
Tarsiers
Anthropoids - monkeys, apes and humans

21
Q

What are hominioids?

A

Non-monkey anthropoids commonly called apes

22
Q

Ape characteristics?

A
  • diverged from Old World anthropoids
  • lack tails and have large brains
  • gibbons (lesser apes) and hominids (great apes)
    Great apes - orangutans, gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans
23
Q

What are humans? Phylogeny and characteristics?

A
  • member of genus Homo
  • descended from great apes
  • large brains and bipedal
  • monophyletic
  • chimps and bonobos are closest relatives
24
Q

4 shared derived traits of humans?

A

Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
Larger brains
Reduced jawbone and jaw muscles
Shorter digestive tract

25
Q

Where did hominins originate and Ardipithecus traits?

A

Africa
- bipedalism but small brains
- long arms and grasping feet for arboreal life

26
Q

What are some trends in hominin evolution?

A
  • bipedalism
  • expansion of brain and increased brain complexity
  • pelvis modification
  • reduction of teeth, face and jaws
  • extended infant and child dependency
  • increased hairlessness
  • increased reliance on meat
  • emergence of tool use
27
Q

Factors favouring bipedalism? (3)

A
  • Large mammalian predators
  • Compeition from terrestrial primates
  • Change in habitat; decline in arboreal environmnts and expansion of open grasslands
28
Q

Adwantages and disadvantages of bipedaism?

A

Advantages:
- enhanced visibility of predators
- energy efficient locomotion for long-distance travel
- better thermoregulation in open habitats
- freed hands for carrying infants and tool use
Disadvantages:
- vulnerable to foot injuries
- increased strain on hips, backs, knees and ankles

29
Q

Skeletal adaptations for bipedalism? (5)

A

Skull attachment - repositioning of foramen magnum for balanced skull placement atop vertebral column
Spinal curvature to align weight over pelvis
Pelvis reconfigured to support internal organs in upright posture
Legs lengthened for efficient locomotion with larger knee hoints for weight support. Legs repositioned right underneath body
Narrower foot shape, enlarged heel and larger big toe for stability and propulsion

30
Q

Australopith characteristics?

A
  • fully bipedal - short, bowl-shaped pelvis and aligned toes
  • short, small brains, large and portruding jaws
  • sexual dimoprhism
  • tool use
31
Q

What are the 2 types of Australopiths?

A

Robust - sturdy skulls and powerful jaws
Gracile - slender with lighter jaws

32
Q

What is the earliest species in Genus homo and its characteristics?

A

Homo habilis
- larger brain capacity
- shorter jaw
- short in stature

33
Q

Homo ergaster characteristics?

A
  • first fully bipedal and large-brained hominin
  • long, slender legs and hip joints adapted for long-distance walking
  • smaller teeth, shift towards increased meat consumption
  • more sophisticated tools
  • decrease in sexual dimorphism; pair-pair bonding and reduced male-male competition
34
Q

Homo erectus characteristics?

A
  • first hominin species to migrate out of Africa
  • hunter-gatherer societies
  • ability to control fire; significant cultural and behavioural complexity
  • larger brain
35
Q

Homo heidelbergensis characteristics?

A
  • evolved from Homo erectus
  • similar to Homo sapiens in body proportions, dental adaptations and cognitive ability
  • large-animal hunter with sophisticated tools
  • Neanderthals and Homo sapiens likely evolved from H. heidelbergensis
36
Q

Neanderthal characteristics?

A
  • cold-adapted hominins
  • robust physiques, thick bones
  • complex behaviours such as burying the dead and crafting hunting tools
  • smaller brains than Homo sapiens
  • coexisted with Homo sapiens
37
Q

Homo Sapien characteristics?

A
  • large brains
  • increased behavioural complexity (symbolic, sophisticated thought, artistic carvings)
  • originated in Africa
  • little genetic variation

bio 108\ (9 decks)

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