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Diversity of life > Mammals > Flashcards

Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

Groupings

A

Monotremata - prototheria

Marsupialia - Metatheria

Placentalia - Eutheria

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2
Q

Mammals identification

A

Backbone/fur/nurse infants with milk - unique jaw articulation

Mammae - mammary glands - milk production - mammilae - nipple/teat - milk delivery

2X nipples to litter size

Articulate + quadrate bones - no longer visible in jaws (became incorporated into middle ear

Teeth replaced once or never - - enamel

Secondary palet

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3
Q

Monotremata

A

Retain reptilian features

Lay + brood eggs

Single hole - cloaca

Infants lap milk from nippless mammary glands from tufts of hair

Lack teeth - can be venemous

4 Echidna + 1 DB platypus

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4
Q

Echidnas

A

Spines are modified hairs

Modified spines on back of tongue + roof of mouth - crush insects

Ant + termite diet

Eggs hatch after 10 days - 2 week gestation

Young move to pouch - feed on milk for 6 months

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5
Q

Platypus

A

Webbed feet

Hunt for benthic invertebrates by electrolocation

2 eggs per burrow - 10 day incubation - no pouch - 3-4 month lactation

Males have spurs on rear ankles connected to venom glands in thighs

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6
Q

Marsupials

A

Prolonged lactation

Many outcompeted by eutherians

S + N America + Oz

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7
Q

Convergent evo with eutherians

A

Sugar glider (M) - Northern flying squirrel (E)

Tasmanian devil - Hyena

Kangaroo - patagonian mara

Southern marsupial mole - European mole

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8
Q

Marsupial reproduction

A

Gestation is short

Newborn poorly developed - well developed forelimbs

Crawl to nipples in pouch

Females cna become pregnant during lactation + embryo can be arrested at blastocyst stage

Kangaroos can have joey at heel - second offspring on pouch nipple and an arrested blastocyst in uterus

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9
Q

4 super orders of placental mammals

A

Afrotheria - Africa

Xenarthera - SA

Laurasiatheria

Euchontoyliers

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10
Q

Afrotheria

A

6 orders

Tenracs + golden moles - adaptive radiation - resemble shrews, hedgehogs + otters

Sengis - Elephant shrew

Aadvark

Elephants

Hyraxes

Dugons + manatees

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11
Q

Xenarhtera

A

Pilosa - anteaters + sloths

Cingulata - armadillos

Teeth reduced or lost

Have large claws on toes

Low energy content diet - lower metabolic rate than expected 33-60%

Anteaters - long sticky tongue

Sloths - slow aboreal lifestyle - cellulose digesting bacteria in large stomach - pass waste 1 a week

Armadillos - tough carapace - strong bony, plates - 3-13 bands - 3 banded can roll into ball

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12
Q

Eulipotyphla

A

Shrews/ solenodons/ hedgehogs + moonrats/moles +desmans

Nocturnal - poor vision - other senses well developed

Small smooth brain

Many teeth

Intra-abdominal testes - no scrotum

Cloaca

High SA:V ration - high heat loss - shrews eat own mass in inverts a day

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13
Q

Shrews

A

Some can emit ultrasonic clicks - may be crude form of echo

Mainly insectivorous - some have venemous bites

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14
Q

Solenodons

A

Crude echo

Toxic saliva to immobilise prey

Cartilaginous snout - articulates with skull via ball + socket joint

Found on 2 Caribbean islands

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15
Q

Hedgehogs + moonrats

A

Moonrats have no spines

Spines for defence - hollow to reduce weight

Spines make grooming impossible - many parasites

Heterothermy - internal temp follows external

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16
Q

Moles + desmans

A

Poor vision - richly endowed tactile organs - eimers organ on muzzles

Vibrissea on muzzle + tail (legs of desmans) - sensory whiskers

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17
Q

Lagomorphs

A

Rabbits/hares/pikas

Peg teeth - 2nd pair of incisors behind upper pair

Coprophagy - reingestion of faecal matter

Prolific breeders - induced ovulation - response to mating

Superfetation - conceiving 2nd litter before birth of last young

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18
Q

Rodentia

A

Squirrel like/mouse like/cavy like

Squirrel + mouse like - sciurognathi

Cavy like - hystricognathi

Squirrel - beavers/squirrels/springhare

Simple teeth - lackong large cusps - sharp enamel

bill balls - lots of sperm

mulitiparental litter

Mouse like - Rats/mice/voles/lemmings/hamsters/kangaroo rats

1/4 of mammal species

Main seed diet

Adapted for early + prolific reproduction

Cavy-like - cavies/capybaras/agoutis/chinchillas/porcupines/mole rats

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19
Q

Mole rat reproduction

A

Subterranean

Social structure resembles that seen in some insects

Single pair breed in each colony

Remaining animals belong to castes

1-3 males but 1 female

Small animals carry food + nest material

Larger - breeding + defence

Young cared for by all females - suckle on breeding female

Non breeders - can start new colonies (not sterile)

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20
Q

Ungulates

A

Hoofed mammals

Perissodactyla (odd toe)

Artiodactyla (even toe)

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21
Q

Perissodactyla

A

(Horses/zebras/asses) - Tapirs - rhinos

1/3 toes

Rely on vocal communication

Tapir - many preds

22
Q

Artiodactyla

A

(pigs/peccaries/hippos) - (camels/llamas) - Ruminants

Use scent for comms

23
Q

Ruminants

A

Chevrotains - musk deer - deer - giraffe + okapi - pronghorn - bovids - antelopes - gazelles - cattle - sheep - goats

24
Q

Deer + bovids

A

True deer (cervidae) - antlers - made of bone - regrown annually - serve in intrasexual selection

Reindeers - both sexes have antlers

Bovidae have horns

25
Q

Carnivora

A

Skulls adapted for killing + crushing

Large canines - cusps on last upper pre molar + first lower molar form carnassial teeth for slicing meat

Hyaenas - kleptoparasites - theft - high conc HCL - extract nutrients from bone - penis like clitoris in females

Ursidae - bears - panda - veg

Felidae - most carnivourous

Lion social organisation:

core of pride - 4-12 related females

Sub adult males tolerated

Breeding male does not grow up in pride it holds

Females - allosuckling of relatives offspring

Incoming males may kill young to gain paternity

26
Q

Pinnipeds

A

Seals, sealions, walrus

Eared seals - fur seals + sea lions

True seals

Feed offshore give birth on ladnd

27
Q

Walrus

A

Both sexes have tusks

Skull specialisation for feeding on benthic prey - clams

28
Q

Eared seals

A

Fur seals + sealions

Large fore flippers for propulsion (sustained swimming)

Hind limbs play no part in sustained swimming

More agile on land than true

29
Q

True seals

A

Hind limbs for swimming

Main muscle mass at rear

Not agile on land

Grey + common seals

Click vocalisations underwater (may be used in echo)

Delayed implantation (store the reproduction process)

Limited mother pup contact - short lactation period with high E milk

30
Q

Elephant seal social organisation

A

Highly polygynous

Males 3x mass of female

Large proboscis

No paternal care

Undergo bloody fights for dominant position

Alpha can inseminate up to 100 females a season

Polygyny consequence of high no. of ejaculate and limited number of young a single female can output

Male pups attempt to steal milk from other females (not seen in female)

31
Q

Sirenia

A

Manatees + dewgong

Elephants closest relative

Only MMs that primarily feed on plants

Non compartmentalised stomach - long intestine (45m in manatees)

Expend v little energy

Move slowly

Constant replacement of teeth - allows for eating of plants with abrasive silica

Store lots of fat - manatee can fast for up to 6 months

32
Q

Cetatians

A

Whales + dolphins

related to hippo

Baleen whales - horny plate made from keratin for filtering plankton - separate nostrils in blowhole - very large tongue - used for sucking water in mouth via pressure differences

Blue whale - 27m - 150 tonnes - streamlined - no hind limbs - no external ears or genitalia - horizontal fins - boneless tail fluke

Toothed whales - eat fish + squid - jaws extend as beak like snout - rises as ‘melon’ in rounded curve - single nostril

33
Q

Echolocation in toothed whales

A

less visibility in water - sound travels further

Brief clicks - sound produced by monkey lips in nasal passages

Melon focuses sound at forehead

returning sounds channeled through oil filled sinuses in lower jaw

Inner ear isolated in bubbly foam

Sperm whales can produce intense ultra sound - stun?

Several fish can detect ultrasound

34
Q

Long distance communication in cetations

A

lower frequencies can travel further

Sound can travel up to 5600km in the right conditions

Humpback whale songs can change annually

35
Q

Chioptera

A

Bats

Megachiroptera - fruit bats - bigger eyes - smaller ears

Microchiroptera - others - smaller eyes - bigger ears

36
Q

Megachiroptera

A

Most orientate visually - no echolocation

Some click tongue on sides of mouth as primitive form of echo

Large size

37
Q

Microchiroptera

A

Most are small

All use laryngeal echolocation for orientation (some for prey detection)

38
Q

Bat wings

A

Modified pentadactyl limb

Fast - long narrow - little drag - high wing loading and AR - low manoeuvrability - open areas

Slow flight - low AR + WL - high manoeuvrability - forest species

39
Q

Feeding in bats

A

Active + passive gleaning

Frugivory - Crushing + grinding molars - evolved from insectivores - insects around fruit

Nectavory - Evolved from insects visiting flowers - carbs + protein - some flowers evolved to attract bats

Piscivory - detect ripples on water surface by echo - big feet

Carnivory - some large species eat small mammals, geckos, bats , frogs

Sanguivory - Vampire bats - evolved from feeding on flies around wounds - laps blood - anticoagulant

40
Q

Reciprical altruism

A

Vampire bats

females associate in roosts

others regurgitate for unsuccessful females - favour returned

can starve in 3 days

41
Q

Scandentia

A

Tree shrews

Semi terrestrial - like squirrels

omnivores

Long linked to primates

born in naked and helpless condition (limited parental care

42
Q

Dermoptera

A

Flying lemurs - colugos

Patagium allows gliding

Stereoscopic vision for depth perception

Nocturnal

43
Q

Sirrhini

A

Lorises - bush babies - aye aye - lemur

Lemurs - Madagascar - monogamous - molars still triangular - binocular field for arboreal lifestyle (narrower)

Aye Aye - special dentition - spindly middle finger - Eats fruit + insect larvae - continuously growing incisors

44
Q

Haplorrhini

A

Tarsiiformes

comms with ultrasonic calls

Only animal prey

Biggest eyes to body size ration

45
Q

Simiiformes

A

Monkeys - apes - humans

Platyrrhini

Catarrhini

46
Q

Platyrrhini

A

New world monkeys

Marmosets - tamarins

Wide spread nostrils - flat nose

retain all 3 pre molar teeth

Arboreal - prehensile tail

47
Q

Catarrhini

A

Old world monkeys - apes + humans

Downward pointing nostrils

2 pre molars on each side of jaw

48
Q

Cercopithecidae

A

Old world

macaques + baboons

blue faces + blue balls

49
Q

Hylobatidae

A

Gibbons

arboreal

monogamous

Complex vocals - laryngeal sacs

50
Q

Vervet monkey alarm calls

A

Different call for different predator

Leopard - run into trees

Eagle - look up

snake - look down

51
Q

Campbells monkey

A

2 basic calls - booms + hacks

hacks for predators

Can combine with other sounds to convey extra info

Can transform highly specific eagle alarm –> general arboreal disturbance

Can transform leopard alarm –> general alert call

52
Q

Primate social groups

A

defence against predators makes sharing food worth

Gibbons - monogamous pairs - up to 4 immature offspring

Bushbabies - range of several females + offspring overlap - males occupy larger areas that overlap

Gorilla - groups compromise of single male - harem of females + young

Chimpanzees - groups of unrelated females have individual home ranges - females monopolised by groups of related breeding males

Gelada baboon - groups of harems in shared territory - males unable to hold harem o excluded

Yellow baboon - multi mate troops - several breeding males - many breeding females - strong dominance heirachies

Monogomy only tends to occur when food is concentrated in area small enough to defend

if female group is too large to be defended by 1 male - more join group

Diversity of life (9 decks)

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