Mammalian Physiology Final

Question 1

Does thyroid gland control involve a hypothalamic-pituitary-gland axis?

Answer 1

Yes, it is part of the neuroendocrine system and involves negative feedback.

Question 2

What hormones are at each part of the HPT-axis?

Answer 2

Hypothalamus = TRH causing the release of TSH from Pituitary gland followed by the production of T3 + T4 in the Thyroid

Question 3

What are the important functions of T3 and T4?

Answer 3

They are involved in nearly all homeostatic activity of the body (heart rate, body temperature, growth, metabolism, etc)

Question 4

What causes the release of T3 and T4 into the rest of the body?

Answer 4

TSH

Question 5

Thyroglobin

Answer 5

A protein produced by the follicular cells that make up half of the protein content in the thyroid gland, it remains in the gland and is used to produce T3 and T4, it is also important for the storage of iodine which covalently bonds to tyrosine

Question 6

Colloid

Answer 6

Contains thyroglobin and is responsible for creating the enzymes that release the thyroid hormones

Question 7

TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating-Hormone)

Answer 7

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of T4 and converts it to T3 to activate metabolism (80% of which happens in the liver) it is part of a negative feedback loop so when T3 and T4 are low it increases production and vice versa

Question 8

TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing-Hormone)

Answer 8

A hormone produced by the Hypothalamus that regulates the formation of TSH, it is short-lived, it can also stimulate the release of prolactin

Question 9

Prolactin

Answer 9

A hormone produced in the pituitary gland, it is made in the pituitary gland

Question 10

Why is iodine important to T3 and T4?

Answer 10

The thyroid converts iodine, they are the only cells in the body that can absorb iodine, iodine + tyrosine = T3 and T4

Question 11

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 11

Too much T3 and T4 are produced and can cause huge problems with every organ and bit of development/homeostatic activity due to rapid unneeded metabolism

Question 12

Thyroid-binding globulin

Answer 12

Globulin (protein) that makes thyroid hormones, transporter protein responsible for carrying T3 and T4

Question 13

Goiter

Answer 13

Inflammation of the thyroid caused by a lack of dietary iodine (hypothyroidism)

Question 14

Myxedema

Answer 14

An extreme form of hypothyroidism that results in super puffy swollen skin

Question 15

Cretinism

Answer 15

A rare form of hypothyroidism that affects an infant and child resulting from a lack of maternal iodine

Question 16

Exophthalmos

Answer 16

Bulging of the eyes that results in one rolling out of orbit (Marty Feldman)

Question 17

C-Cells

Answer 17

Neuroendocrine cells that secrete calcitonin

Question 18

Calcitonin

Answer 18

A hormone that regulates the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood which opposes the action of the parathyroid gland

Question 19

Parathyroid gland (4)

Answer 19

Control calcium levels and it makes PTH which helps to release calcium from your bones when you need it and helps with vitamin D levels

Question 20

Hypothalamus trophic hormones

Answer 20

regulate the anterior pituitary gland

Question 21

Anterior Pituitary gland

Answer 21

Has 4 trophic hormones:

1. TSH
2. ACTH
3. FSH
4. LH

these regulate other endocrine glands plus prolactin and GH (growth hormone)

Question 22

ACTH

Answer 22

Adrenocorticotropic hormone; important to the HPA-axis and produced in response to stress, regulates levels of cortisol

Question 23

FSH

Answer 23

Follicle stimulating hormone; essential to puberty, important to the growth of female ovary follicles

Question 24

LH

Answer 24

Involved in ovulation, stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone and is synergistic with FSH

Question 25

GH

Answer 25

somatotropin; stimulates growth of essentially all tissues in the body

Question 26

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 26

neuroendocrine hormones; oxytocin for milk ejection, Vasopressin for renal H2O recovery

Question 27

Thyroid gland

Answer 27

Regulation of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and more aspects of calcium homeostasis

Question 28

Thymus gland

Answer 28

maturation of thymus-dependent lymphocytes

Question 29

Endocrine Pancreas

Answer 29

blood glucose balance and tissue uptake of glucose

Question 30

Adrenal gland/ cortex

Answer 30

mineral balance - mineralcoritocids, 1^0 aldosterone (stress protection) - glucocorticoids, 1^0 cortisol sex steroids - mainly androgen

Question 31

Adrenal gland/ medulla

Answer 31

catecholamines with sympathetic nerve functions

Question 32

Gonadal endocrine function

Answer 32

production of steroid hormones allowing for development of secondary sex hormones

Question 33

Gonadal exocrine function

Answer 33

production of gametes (sperm and eggs) and deliver them to the outside of the body through tubes and ducts

Question 34

Pineal gland

Answer 34

circadian rhythms, possibly timing of puberty

Question 35

endocrine function of heart

Answer 35

release of certain hormones to raise and lower blood pressure

Question 36

endocrine function of skin

Answer 36

activates and deactivates many metabolic hormones, involved in insulin secretion and other homeostatic activity

Question 37

endocrine function of the kidney

Answer 37

create erythropoietin, calcitriol and renin

Question 38

erythropoietin

Answer 38

key role in production of red blood cells carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

Question 39

calcitriol

Answer 39

regulates levels of calcium and phosphorus and mineralization of bone

Question 40

renin

Answer 40

involved in angiotensin production, regulates extracellular fluid levels and atrial vasoconstriction

Question 41

endocrine function of liver

Answer 41

involved in insulin regulation and body growth

Question 42

endocrine function of the placenta

Answer 42

acts as an endocrine organ, produces hormones important to fetal growth, also helps the mother to support the baby during pregnancy

Question 43

mucus/mucous

Answer 43

mucus is secreted by mucous membranes, mucus is a slimy substance used for lubrication and protection

Question 44

villus/villi

Answer 44

finger-like projections of the intestinal surface of the small intestine that transport materials to the bloodstream (nutrient absorption)

Question 45

emulsify

Answer 45

assisted by the action of bile salts, this is the process of breaking down materials such as fat molecules into tiny droplets suspended in liquid

Question 46

bolus

Answer 46

a mass (usually as a ball of food usually at the moment of swallowing)

Question 47

proximal tubule

Answer 47

initial segment of the kidney tubule where most reabsorption takes place

Question 48

proximal

Answer 48

situated near the center of the body or point of attachment

Question 49

distal nephron

Answer 49

the distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 50

distal

Answer 50

away from the center of the body or point of attachment

Question 51

peritoneum

Answer 51

a membrane that lines the abdomen