Mammalia, Reptilia, Amphibia

Question 1

turtles & tortoises

Answer 1

Testudines

shell
strong claws
semi-aquatic

Question 2

snakes & lizards

Answer 2

Squamata

grow indeterminately

Question 3

snakes

Answer 3

sub. Serpentes

unhingable jaw
70% eggs

Question 4

spiny & horny lizards

Answer 4

sub. Iguania

4 legs, scales, spikes
catch prey with tongues

Question 5

skinks & alligator lizards

Answer 5

sub. Autarchoglossa

jaws and teeth to eat
free-tongued (sense smell with tongue)
smoother scales

Question 6

frogs & toads

Answer 6

Anura

long legs, jumping
frogs adapted better for water than toads (skin, leg size)
herbivore tadpoles, insect adults
amplexus external fertilization (lay eggs from cloaca, male grasps and fertilizes)
metamorphosis (life path, abrupt change in body structure through dev)

Question 7

newts & salamanders

Answer 7

Caudata

tails (4 legs, can’t jump)
always insectivorous
internal fertilization (indirect sperm packets)
paedomorphosis (maintain some larval traits retained)
direct development (mini-me)

Question 8

herbivorous even-toed ungulates

Answer 8

Cetartiodactyla

horny pad/flat palette (no upper incisors), diastema, sharp enamel ridges on morals to grind, peripheral orbits, nut cracker hinge

Question 9

bison, mountain goat, sheep

Answer 9

f. Bovidae

horned (keratin sheath), 1 lacrimal foramena (hole in orbit)

Question 10

moose, elk, caribou, deer

Answer 10

f. Cervidae

antlered (branched or palmate), 2 lacrimal foramena

Question 11

carnivorous mammals

Answer 11

Carnivora

carnassial teeth (pair of premolars, tearing, shearing), sagittal crest (ridge for jaw muscles), binocular orbits, scissor hinge

Question 12

wolf, coyote, red fox

Answer 12

f. Canidae

carnassial teeth, digitigrade, long nose,
sagittal crest, elongate molar

Question 13

mountain lion, lynx, bobcat

Answer 13

f. Felidae

short snout, large orbits, sagittal crest (some), tiny back molar

Question 14

martens, weasels, badgers, otters

Answer 14

f. Mustelidae

short snout, plantigrade palm, small orbits, carnivorous/omnivorous, wide molars

Question 15

bears

Answer 15

f. Ursidae

omnivorous teeth, thick skulls, zygomatic arches (muscle attach)

Question 16

bats

Answer 16

Chiroptera

nocturnal, insectivorous/fruit, no incisor gap

Question 17

moles, shrews

Answer 17

Eulipotyphla

insectivorous, black/iron teeth shrews, thin/non-existent zygomatic arch

Question 18

hares, rabbits, pikas

Answer 18

Lagomorpha

double incisors, fenestrated skull (holes), re-ingest

Question 19

opossums

Answer 19

Didelphimorphia

like Carnivora but 5 incisors, marsupial, prehensile toes, scaly tail

Question 20

beaver, squirrels, vole, porcupine

Answer 20

Rodentia

single pair incisors, large diastema

Question 21

Amphibia

Answer 21

Moist scale-less skin (bio-indicators)
Poikilotheemic (varies with external)
Ectothermic (regulated by external)
Low mobility (low metabolic rate)

Insectivorous, occasionally carnivorous, herbivorous tadpoles (salamander always insectivorous)
Transfer energy between aquatic and terrestrial systems (predators/prey)

Internal/external fertilization
Soft shells

Metamorphosis, paedo-, direct devt

Question 22

Reptilia

Answer 22

Lungs, defense, poik, eggs, no in fert, no larval stage

Scales, plates, shields
Poikilotherms (internal varies…)
Ectotherms (internal regulated…)

Hard egg shell
No internal fertilization
No larval stage
Breath through lungs

More defensive mechanisms, shells, venom