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Diversity of life > mammal diversity and evolution > Flashcards

mammal diversity and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

how many orders are in the Mammalia class ?

A- 27
b-18
c- 2

A

A- there are 27 orders in the mammalian class

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2
Q

The 27 orders can be split into :

A- ptotheria , theria , marsupials
B- prototherian, marsupials , placental
C- prototherian , rodent, ungulates

A

B- the 27 orders of mammal can be split into 1 prototherian , 7 marsupials, 19 placental

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3
Q

The part of the mammal that produces the milk is called the :

A- mammae
b- mammillae
C- mammariae

A

A- Mammae

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4
Q

The part on the mammal that is the nipple or teat responsible for the delivery of the milk is called the :

A-mammillae
b- mammae
c-mammary

A

a- mammillae

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5
Q

what is the name of the place of the topmost part of the neck vertebrate?

A-lateral condyles
b- cortical condyles
c- occipital condyles

A

c- occipital condyles

these allow more rotation in the neck of the animals

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6
Q

what part of the body in modern mammals was thought to have origin in the reptile jaws ?

A- the middle ear bones
b- The teeth
C- the spine

A

A- the middle ear bones are thought to have origin in the jaws of reptiles

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7
Q

What are the identification groups using the temporal fenestra ?

A- anapsid , diapsid , temporal
B- anapids, diapids, synapids
C- anapsid , diapsid , synapsid

A

C

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8
Q

plecysaurs were replaced by the more advanced :

A-tryapsid in the order therapsida

B- anapsids in the order therapsida

c- Synapsids in the order therapsida

A

C- the plecysaurs were replaced by the synapsids in the order therapsida

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9
Q

What were he mammal - like characteristics of the therapsids?

A

They had limbs beneath their body - meaning they had faster locomotion

  • secondary palate separating the mouth from the nasal passages so they can eat and breathe at the same time
  • had bones in their lower jaw that became incorporated into the malleus and incus of the middle ear of mammals
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10
Q

Why were the early mammals thought to be nocturnal and insectivorous

A- the only niche not available to reptiles
B- the reptiles would eat them if they were out in the day
C- they had no sight in the day

A

A- The niche was not available to reptiles

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11
Q

The order ________ retain features of reptiles such as ______________ and single hole called ________

A- placentoteme, tail , cloaca

b- monotremata , lay and brood eggs , cloaca

C- monotemata, giving birth to live young , cloaca

A

b - the order MONOTREMATA retain features of reptiles such as LAY AND BROOD EGGS and single hole called CLOACA

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12
Q

Monotremes young acquire milk through :

A- mammary glands /mammillae
b- milk off the tuft of hair
c- they do not drink milk

A

B - the monotremata infants lap milk that is discharged from the mammary glands onto tufts of hair

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13
Q

What species in the order Monotremata has modified spines on the back of its tongue and have young that live in a pouch after hatching ?

A- duck billed platypus
B-echidnas
C-echindas

A

B- echidnas

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14
Q

what did the subclass Theria evolve from ?

A

Trituberculata

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15
Q

What type of tooth pattern is found in the Theria subclass ?

A- flat teeth
B- one dominant cusp
c- two dominant cusps

A

b - tribosphenic cheek tooth pattern with one cusp dominant which is effective for cutting and crushing insects

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16
Q

in the late cretaceous period where are marsupials thought to have spread ?

A- pangea
b- gondwana
c-asia

A

b - the late cretaceous period saw the divergence of the animals to the south america, africa and southern continents that were connected as gondwana

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17
Q

what is the ecological eutherian equivalent to the marsupial sugar glider ?

A- northern flying squirrel
B- bats
c- southern squirrel

A

a - the northern flying squirrel is thought to have had convergent evolution to have similar characteristics to the marsupial

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18
Q

what is the main difference in reproduction of marsupials and eutherians ?

A- marsupials have a close placental relationship with their young
b- eutherians have a close placental relationship between foetal membranes and uterine linings
c- marsupials young are fully developed when born

A

B- eutherians have a close placental relationship with the foetal membranes and the uterine linings

the marsupials do have a placenta but the contact with the foetus is short lived, the young are born underdeveloped but with very strong arms which pull them to the pouch where there is a teat

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19
Q

what is embryonic diapause

A- female marsupials ability to become pregnant during lactation and pausing the development at the blastocyst stage

B- the female marsupial stops producing eggs shortly after giving birth to use all of their resources and energy on rearing the young

c- the female marsupial will pause development of a fertilised egg at the point where the sperm meets the egg and she will retain the sperm

A

A- female marsupials ability to become pregnant during lactation and pausing the development at the blastocyst stage

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20
Q

Afrotheria , xenarthra , laurasiatheria and euarchontoglires are all members of what :

A- the four placental super-orders of eutherian mammals
b - the four super-orders of the marsupial mammals
c- the classes of placental mammals

A

A- the 4 placental super- orders of eutherian mammals , these were recently bought

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21
Q

Tenerecs, sengis , aadvark, elephant , hydraxes and manatees all are orders of what super order ?

A- xenarthra
B- Afrotheria
C- euarchotoglires

A

b- these are all part of the Afrotheria sub order

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22
Q

What are the benefits to the older female members of the heard showing menopause ?

A- the heard would get too big if they could keep having babies

b- The older members are not strong enough to carry young

C- the older members use their energy on caring for the other members of the heard

A

C- older elephants will care for other lung members of the heard

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23
Q

Pilosa and cingulata belong to which super order ?

A-Afrotheria
B- Laurasiatheria
C- Xenarthra

A

c- xenarthra

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24
Q

What species belong to xenarthra ?

a- sloths, armadillos ,anteaters
b- elephant shrew, rabbits , tazmainian devil
c- sloths , tazmanian devils, anteaters

A

a - sloths, armadillos and anteaters belong to the group xenarthra

they have reduced teeth in size or have lost the completely

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25
Q

The sub order Xenarthra are thought to have undergone extensive adaptive radiation in ______________ when it isolated.

A- south Africa
B-europe
c-South america

A

c- south america

potentially outcompeted by north american invaders

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26
Q

what is the main cost of being a small animal ?

A- eaily eaten
B- losing heat quickly
C-needing to eat tiny amount

A

B- due to the high surface area to volume ration small animals will lose heat quickly and will have to eat a large amount per day

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27
Q

Lagomorpha include which animal ?

A- rabbits
B- shrews
C-sloths

A

a- Rabbits belong to the sub order Lagomorpha

28
Q

What are the three sub orders of the order rodentia ?

A

Squirrel-like, mouse-like , cavy-like

29
Q

Are mouse-like rodents k or r strategists ?

A

mouse-like rodents are r-strategists, they will reproduce early and with lots of young

30
Q

Perissodactyla and artiodactyla belong to which sub order ?

a- Lagomorpha
B- ungulates
c-afrotheria

A

B- ungulates , the perissodactyla are the hoover animals with the axis of the foot passing through the 3rd toe , artiodactyla have the axis of the foot passing between the 3rd and 4th toes

31
Q

True or false Perissodactyla are more diverse that artiodactyla

A

False - it is the other way round

32
Q

antlers , like horns are made of :

a-cartelidge
b-bone
c-enamel

A

b- horns and antlers are made of bone

33
Q

what is significant about the reproduction of silver backed jackals ?

A- they can have many pups at a time
b- their pups leave the parents straight away
c- the juveniles will delay their reproduction

A

c- the juveniles delay their reproduction so that they can help their parents raise their brothers and sisters

34
Q

Walrus , eared seals and true seals belong to which order ?

A- pinnipedes
b-pinniates
c-ungulates

A

A-pinnipedes

35
Q

which is better at locomotion on land ?

A- true seals
b- eared seals

A

b- the eared sells have larger front flippers which are able to hold their body weight

36
Q

Why are true seals not as effective at terrestrial locomotion ?

A- they can only breathe in the water
b- the majority of their muscle mass is at the rear
c- their flippers are small

A

b- the majority of the seals mass is at the rear of their body , this means they are agile in the water but not on land

37
Q

The mother seal and her pup will have

A- intense relationship with lots of care
b- limited contact
c- the father cares for the young

A

b - the mother and pup have limited contact

38
Q

elephant seals have what type of reproduction

a- Polyandrous
b-polygyandrous
c-polygynous

A

c- polygynous , the male may inseminate 100 females per season

39
Q

the manatee belongs to which order ?

A-sieneria
b-soleria
c-sirenia

A

c- sirenia

40
Q

what teeth patterns do manatees show ?

a- continuous replacement
b-never replace teeth
c- they have no teeth

A

a- continuous replacement of teeth

they eat plants which contain abrasive silica which damage the teeth

41
Q

whales and dolphins belong to which order ?

A-certandactyla
b-cetartiodactyla
c-ceteciodactyla

A

b- cetartiodactyla

42
Q

what organ in the toothed whales produce the clicks ?

A- monkey lips

b-clicker passage

c- rattlehorn

A

a- the monkey lips are found in the nasal passages and will produce the clicks

the melon focusses the sound and the returning sounds are channelled through oil filled sinuses in the lower jaw

43
Q

the order chiroptera include which animal ?

a- whales
b- bats
c- anteaters

A

b- BATS

44
Q

Which genus of bats orientate using echolocation ?

a- pteropodidae
b-rosettus
c-rousettus

A

c-rousettus and most other bats except pteropodidae

45
Q

fast flying species of bat would have what shape wings ?

a- long narrow
b-short and rounded
long and rounded

A

a - long and narrow wings as these would have little drag with high wind loading

46
Q

bats that live in the forests would have what type of wings ?

a- high wing loading
b-low aspect ratio
c- high aspect ratio

A

b- low aspect ratio , they would be slow fliers and would need to be able to turn in small volumes of space

47
Q

large eared species will usually catch prey using what technique ?

a- Echolocation
b-sight
c-gleaning

A

c- gleaning - the echolocation does not work on complex surfaces so they will use they large ears to listen for prey generated sounds

48
Q

Sanguivory is thoguht to have evolved from where ?

a- snakes with venom
b- feeding on insects around wounds
c- drinking blood

A

b- it is thought that it has evolved from feeding on flies that congregate around wounds
the bats will drink blood

49
Q

what order were Scandentia previously linked to ?

A- primates
b-cavy-like rodents
c- dermoptera

A

a- primates ,

the order included the semi-terrestrial tree shrews but these are now thought to be distinct

50
Q

what is the role of the extensive patagium in the order dermoptera ?
a- gliding
b- flapping fleight
c-holding young

A

a- gliding , the order includes the flying lemurs

51
Q

which order is the closest living relatives of the primates ?

a- dermoptera
b- strepsirrhini
c- scandentia

A

a- dermoptera are thought to be the closest living relatives of the primates

they were thought to have split 79.6 million years ago

52
Q

what teeth would early primates have

a- sharp canines
b- triangular molars
c-flat molars

A

b-triangular molars , the early primates were insectivorous

53
Q

how have the primate teeth changed over time ?

A- The teeth have become sharper
b- the teeth have become more square
c- the teeth have become bigger

A

b- the teeth have become more square molars to facilitate crushing

54
Q

what sub order do lorises , bush babies and lemurs belong to ?

A- strepsirrhini
b - dermoptera
c-scandentai

A

a- strepsirrhini

they have larger snouts and a better sense of smell

55
Q

which of the suborders can communicate with ultrasonic calls ?

A- haplorrhini
b- strepsirrhini
c- carterhini

A

a - haplorrhini

56
Q

what infra order do monkeys apes and humans belong to ?

a- primatiforms
b- semeiforms
c- simiiformes

A

c-simiiformes

57
Q

what is the difference between the parvorder platyrrhini and the pavorder catarrhini ?

A- the platyrrhini have flatter noses and wide spread nostrils where as the catarrhinii have v shape nostrils
b- the shape of the face of the platyrrhini are flatter and the shape of the catarrhinii are rounder
c- the platyrrhini have v shape noses and the catarrhini have flatter noses

A

A- the platyrrhini have flatter noses and wide spread nostrils where as the catarrhinii have v shape nostrils

remember plate = flat

58
Q

an inverse relationship between the length of the word and the frequency of its use is called :

a- law of frequity
b- law of brevity
c- law of barety

A

b- the law of brevity - this applies in the human language as well as the vocal signals in non human primates

59
Q

what social organisation do gorillas have ?

a- single breeding male and harem of females
b- alpha male breeds with his chosen female
c- no system of breeding pairs

A

a- the gorillas have a single breeding male with a harem of females and their young

60
Q

what factor determines the primate social organisation

a- distribution of food
b- distribution of males
c- distribution of potential nests

A

a - the distribution of food .
if the food is concentrated in an area where one male can defend it then monogamy will occur but if the food is not concentrated then the females will form groups to find the food

61
Q

The oldest fossil hominin shows a similar leg muscle attachments to humans , what is different about their bone structure ?

A- the structure of the toes
b- the structure of the hands
c- the muscles in the arms

A

a - the structure of the toes had a larger opposable toe which was effective for climbing
the rest of the toes were short and stiff to aid walking on two legs

62
Q

what was the pronounced ridge on the front of the skull of the paranthropus boisei for ?

a- more intelligence
b-powerful chewing
c-better sight

A

b- powerful chewing to aid in the changes in the diet

63
Q

which fossils species suggest they were able to use tools ?

a- homo sapiens
b- homo habilis
c- homo erectus

A

b and c - homo habilis fossils show basic use of tools and homo erectus fossils show extensive use of tools and fire

64
Q

which homo species show evidence of increased intelligence and social living ?

A- homo erectus
b- homo habilis
c- homo neanderthalensis

A

c- homo neanderthalensis had brains nearly the size of modern humans , fossils suggest they also wore jewlerry and would bury their dead

65
Q

True or false the genome analysis support theories that the modern humans are a hybrid of the homosapiens and the homo neanderthals

A

true -the two taxa had distinct ranges but they colonised some of the same areas and the homosapiens largely replaced the neanderthals but some of the genes may have been taken with them

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