Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

paediatrics > Malnutrition > Flashcards

Malnutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Malnutrition is defined as “wrong or faulty nutrition” and includes undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutrient deficiency diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two main types of malnutrition?

A

The two main types are acute malnutrition and chronic malnutrition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Macronutrients are protein, fat, and carbohydrates that make up the bulk of a diet and supply energy to the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of fats in nutrition?

A

Fats supply energy and are important for cell formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Type I micronutrients?

A

Type I micronutrients include iodine, iron, Vitamins A and C. Deficiencies in these do not affect growth and are not determined by anthropometric measurements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Type II micronutrients?

A

Type II micronutrients include magnesium, sulfur, nitrogen, essential amino acids, phosphorus, zinc, potassium, sodium, and chloride, essential for growth and tissue repair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the main causes of malnutrition?

A

Causes include lack of food (due to famine or poverty), inadequate breastfeeding, misconceptions about nutrition, diarrhea, malabsorption, infections (such as worms, measles, TB), and social factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is malnutrition diagnosed in children?

A

Malnutrition is diagnosed using anthropometric measurements like Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and assessing for bilateral edema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Appetite Test?

A

The Appetite Test assesses a child’s appetite; a poor appetite may indicate severe infection or metabolic abnormalities, signaling the need for immediate medical care.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the categories of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) according to WHO?

A

SAM is categorized into Marasmus, Kwashiorkor, and Marasmic Kwashiorkor (a combination of both).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main characteristics of Marasmus?

A

Marasmus is marked by severe weight loss, muscle wasting, prominent ribs, and emaciated limbs, but patients may still have a good appetite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the main characteristics of Kwashiorkor?

A

Kwashiorkor is characterized by bilateral edema, loss of appetite, brittle hair, color change in hair, irritability, and a swollen face, with a high risk of death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does malnutrition affect the cardiovascular system?

A

Malnutrition reduces cardiac output, stroke volume, and blood pressure, which can lead to heart failure if blood volume increases abruptly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does malnutrition affect the gastrointestinal system?

A

It reduces gastric acid production, decreases intestinal motility, atrophies the pancreas, reduces digestive enzyme production, and lowers nutrient absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does SAM impact liver function?

A

It reduces protein synthesis, slows metabolism, decreases toxin excretion, and increases risk of hypoglycemia during infection due to decreased gluconeogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does malnutrition affect the immune system?

A

It diminishes immunity, causing atrophy in lymph glands, reduces T-cell function, IgA levels, and phagocyte efficiency, making infections more common and harder to detect.

17
Q

How does SAM affect kidney function?

A

SAM reduces glomerular filtration rate, decreases the kidney’s ability to excrete acid and excess water, and makes urinary tract infections more common.

18
Q

How does malnutrition impact the endocrine system?

A

SAM lowers insulin and IGF-1 levels while increasing growth hormone and cortisol levels, affecting glucose metabolism and growth regulation.

19
Q

What is metabolic malnutrition, and how is it identified?

A

Metabolic malnutrition is assessed mainly through appetite; poor appetite often indicates severe metabolic abnormalities or infection.

20
Q

What are the three phases of treatment for SAM?

A

Treatment is divided into Phase 1 (medical stabilization), Transition Phase (diet increase), and Phase 2 (catch-up growth and preparation for discharge).

21
Q

What is F75 formula used for?

A

F75 formula is used in Phase 1 to stabilize the patient by promoting recovery of metabolic function and balancing electrolytes without causing rapid weight gain.

22
Q

What is the purpose of the Transition Phase in SAM treatment?

A

The Transition Phase gradually increases diet intake to prevent complications from over-feeding, preparing the patient for Phase 2.

23
Q

What is the target weight gain in the Transition and Catch-Up Growth Phases?

A

Target weight gain is 6g/kg/day in the Transition Phase and over 8g/kg/day in Phase 2 (catch-up growth).

24
Q

What is the purpose of Phase 2 in SAM treatment?

A

Phase 2 focuses on rapid weight gain (catch-up growth) and prepares the patient for discharge.

25
Q

What is Plumpy’nut?

A

Plumpy’nut is a ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) paste made of groundnut, designed for treating severe malnutrition.

26
Q

What are the essential ingredients for local production of RUTF?

A

Ingredients include sugar, dried skim milk, oil, and a vitamin/mineral supplement, with up to 25% from vegetable sources like groundnuts or cereals.

27
Q

What is re-feeding syndrome?

A

Re-feeding syndrome is a condition with electrolyte and metabolic imbalances that can occur during nutritional support in severely malnourished patients.

28
Q

What are the symptoms of re-feeding syndrome?

A

Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, lethargy, respiratory issues, cardiac failure, hypotension, arrhythmias, and, in severe cases, delirium, coma, or death.

29
Q

How can re-feeding syndrome be prevented?

A

Prevention includes early identification of at-risk patients, gradual re-feeding, and monitoring electrolyte levels.

30
Q

What are the signs of dehydration in malnourished children?

A

Signs include watery diarrhea, reduced blood pressure, and decreased renal perfusion; rehydration with ReSoMal (a rehydration solution) or ORS with potassium supplements is recommended.

31
Q

What precautions should be taken to prevent hypothermia in SAM patients?

A

The patient should be clothed warmly, kept in a draft-free area, and frequently fed to maintain body temperature.

32
Q

How is hypoglycemia treated in SAM?

A

Hypoglycemia is treated by administering 50 ml of 10% glucose or sucrose solution orally or via a nasogastric tube, followed by the first feed with F75 every two hours.

33
Q

Why is sensory stimulation and emotional support important in SAM treatment?

A

Sensory stimulation and emotional support create a positive environment, promote recovery, and improve mental well-being; activities include structured play therapy and attentive caregiving.

34
Q

What are the indicators of failure to respond to SAM treatment?

A

Primary failure indicators include no appetite by day 4, presence of edema on day 10, or failure to gain at least 5 g/kg/day by day 10.

paediatrics (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions