Malignancy Language

Question 1

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 1

Increase in number of cells

Question 2

What stimulates hyperplasia?

Answer 2

• hormonal

- mechanical stress

Question 3

What is the growth stimulus in endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 3

oestrogen (can be from subcutaneous fat)

Question 4

What cells undergo hyperplasia in hyperplasia in the testis?

Answer 4

Leydig cells

Question 5

What are three causes of physiological hyperplasia?

Answer 5

• menopause
• puberty
• pregnancy

Question 6

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 6

Increase in size of cells due to more organelles

Question 7

What is a cause of pathological hypertrophy?

Answer 7

Left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension

Question 8

What is atrophy?

Answer 8

Loss of size and/or number of cells due to loss of stimulus

Question 9

What is metaplasia?

Answer 9

Reversible change from one mature cell type to another

Question 10

What usually causes metaplasia?

Answer 10

Injury

Question 11

What is an example of metaplasia?

Answer 11

Barrett’s oesophagus

Question 12

What is neoplasia?

Answer 12

New growth without a stimulus

Question 13

What is dysplasia?

Answer 13

disorderly growth of cells?

Question 14

What is squamous papilloma?

Answer 14

Benign neoplastic growths with no malignant potential

Question 15

What is squamous dysplasia?

Answer 15

Abnormal growth that is technically benign but is pre-malignant

Question 16

What makes squamous dysplasia still benign?

Answer 16

• no invasion

- no metastatic potential

Question 17

What does carcinoma in-situ mean?

Answer 17

Potential to become malignant

Question 18

What is malignancy?

Answer 18

autonomous growth that invades other tissue and has metastatic potential

Question 19

What does stellate mean?

Answer 19

Star-like, scattered- like

Question 20

What are white chalky flecks in pathological examination of acute pancreatitis?

Answer 20

Fat necrosis

Question 21

What is pleomorphism?

Answer 21

Variations in shapes and sizes

Question 22

What does tripolar mitoses signify?

Answer 22

Can signify malignancy

Question 23

What do signet ring cancer cells produce?

Answer 23

Mucin

Question 24

What is histological sign of adenocarcinoma?

Answer 24

signet rings

Question 25

What causes the signet rings shape in signet ring cell carcinoma?

Answer 25

Nucleus is pushed to side as cell is full of mucin

Question 26

What type of cancer is signet ring cell carcinoma?

Answer 26

adenocarcinoma

Question 27

Why must doctors be very thorough when doing an endoscopic biopsy in signet ring cell carcinoma?

Answer 27

• Highly malignant

- Does not necessarily form in one spot e.g. like an ulcer it tends to be scattered