Malignancy Flashcards
Ovarian cancer
Malignant neoplasm of the ovaries
Common age for ovarian cancer
60-65
Clinical features of ovarian cancer
Pelvic/abdominal pain Abnormal vaginal bleeding Fatigue Dyspareunia Ascites Diarrhoea/constipation
Diagnosis of ovarian cancer
Pelvic ultrasound
CT Scan
CA-125
Types of ovarian cancer
Epithelial ovarian cancer-most common (90%)
Ovarian teratoma-germ cell tumour mainly benign. Young women up to early 20s
Granulosa- sex cord stromal tumours
Primary peritoneal cancer-similar to epithelial
Fallopian tube cancer-rare (1%)
Borderline ovarian tumours (15 %)- not cancerous and covers ovaries. They do not grow into the stroma
Ovarian cancer stage 1
Stage 1 ovarian cancer means the cancer is only in the ovaries. It is divided into 3 groups:
stage 1a - the cancer is completely inside one ovary
stage 1b - the cancer is completely inside both ovaries
stage 1c - as well as cancer in one or both ovaries, there is some cancer on the surface of an ovary, there are cancer cells in fluid taken from inside your abdomen during surgery, or the ovary ruptures (bursts) before or during surgery
Ovarian cancer stage 2
Stage 2 ovarian cancer means the cancer has grown outside the ovary or ovaries, and is growing within the area circled by your hip bones (the pelvis).
2a - the cancer has grown into the fallopian tubes or the womb
2b - the cancer has grown into other tissues in the pelvis, for example the bladder or rectum
2c - the cancer has grown into other tissues in the pelvis and there are cancer cells in fluid taken from inside your abdomen
Ovarian cancer stage 3
Stage 3 ovarian cancer means the cancer has spread outside the pelvis into the abdominal cavity. Your cancer is also stage 3 if cancer is found in the lymph nodes in your upper abdomen, groin or behind the womb.
It is divided into three groups:
3a - cancer growths are found in tissue samples taken from the lining of the abdomen
3b - there are cancer growths that are 2cm or smaller in size on the lining of the abdomen
3c - cancer growths larger than 2cm are found on the lining of the abdomen, OR cancer is found in lymph nodes in the upper abdomen, groin and/or behind the womb
Ovarian cancer stage 4
Stage 4 ovarian cancer means the cancer has spread to other body organs some distance away from the ovaries, such as the liver or lungs.
It is divided into 2 groups:
stage 4a - the cancer has caused a build up of fluid in the lining of the lungs (called the pleura). This is called a pleural effusion
stage 4b - the cancer has spread to the inside of the liver or spleen, to the lymph nodes in the groin or outside the abdomen and/or to other organs such as the lungs
Cervical cancer
HPV-related malignancy of the uterine cervical mucosa
Common age for cervical cancer
Between age 30 to 45
Common types of HPV causing cancer
16 and 18
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasm stages
I: Disease confined to lower third of epithelium (frequent cytological follow up)
II: Disease confined to lower 2/3 of epithelium
III: Disease covers entire epithelium
II + III need cone biopsy
Cervical Cancer staging
stage 0 (pre-cancer) – there are no cancerous cells in the cervix, but there are biological changes that could trigger cancer in the future; this is called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or carcinoma in situ (CIS) stage 1 – the cancer is still contained inside the cervix stage 2 – the cancer has spread outside of the cervix into the surrounding tissue, but hasn't reached the tissues lining the pelvis (pelvic wall) or the lower part of the vagina stage 3 – the cancer has spread into the lower section of the vagina and/or into the pelvic wall stage 4 – the cancer has spread into the bowel, bladder or other organs, such as the lungs
Cervical cancer clinical features
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Post coital bleeding
Mucoid/purulent vaginal discharge
