Malformations and Congenital Defects Flashcards
Clinical signs of a growth disorder
Changes in pattern of growth or differentiation related to single cells, tissues, or organs
Malformations
Disorders of growth which occur during gestation
Congenital Defects
Disorders of growth detected at birth
Hereditary defects
Genetically transmitted diseases
When do chromosomal defects occur
During gametogenesis or fertilization
Viral diseases that cause defects
Cerebellar hypoplasia in calves infected with BVS. Schmallenberg Virus. Parvovirus in kittens
Hairy-shaker disease
Damaged cerebellum which causes a wide stance and thin hair
Corn Lilly
Toxic plant that causes cyclopia in lambs when dam ingests it 12-14 days of gestation
Cleft Palate
Failure of fusion of the hard palate
Griseofulvin
Ringworm treatment that can cause malformations in kittens if given to pregnant queens
Estrogen and Actinomycin D
Drugs that can cause malformations in offspring if given to pregnant dam
Copper Deficiency
Type of nutritional deficiency that causes the degeneration of white matter in the brain/spinal cord of pre/neonatal lambs/kids
Swayback
Congenital form of a copper deficiency. More severe lesion in lambs affected prenatally
Ataxia
Meaning without coordination
Enzootic Ataxia
Form of copper deficiency with a 6 month onset delay. This is due to demyelination of DL/VM white matter tracts of the spinal cord
Anoxia
Lack of oxygen during gestation
Spina Bifida
Vertebral arch fails to close causing herniation of the meninges and spinal cord
Meningomyelocoele
Severe form of spina bifida
Arthrogryposis
Skeletal malformation of fixed joints
Tetralogy of Fallot
4 abnormalities occurring in the heart together
Hypertrophy
Change in size
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
Metaplasia
Change in cell type
Atrophy
Decrease in size of cells or organ after said organ has reached its normal size
Atrophy Aetiology
inadequate cellular nutrition
Hypertrophy
Increase in size of cells or organs
Functional hypertrophy
Due to an increased physiological need
Compensatory Hypertrophy
Occurs when one of the paired organs is damaged or lost
Obstructional Hypertrophy
When hollow organs become thickened around an obstruction
Hormone-Mediated Hypertrophy
The result of anabolic steroids production, increase of protein synthesis within muscles. Commonly seen in older cats
Hypoplasia
Reduction in size of cells or tissues due to failure to grow to normal size
Aplasia and Agenesis
Complete absence of tissue, referring to the gross appearance
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells
Tissue types that metaplasia occurs in
Connective tissue (cartilage and bone) and epithelium
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth within a tissue, losing its normal arrangement and pattern
Schmallenberg Virus
Affects neurons in the brain. Fetus cannot move in the uterus, causing fixation of the legs and underdeveloped muscled
Anencephaly
An absence of brain
Anaplasia
Irreversible loss of cellular differentiation with return to a more primitive state. Highly malignant tumors resulting in no pattern.