Malformations and Congenital Defects

Question 1

Clinical signs of a growth disorder

Answer 1

Changes in pattern of growth or differentiation related to single cells, tissues, or organs

Question 2

Malformations

Answer 2

Disorders of growth which occur during gestation

Question 3

Congenital Defects

Answer 3

Disorders of growth detected at birth

Question 4

Hereditary defects

Answer 4

Genetically transmitted diseases

Question 5

When do chromosomal defects occur

Answer 5

During gametogenesis or fertilization

Question 6

Viral diseases that cause defects

Answer 6

Cerebellar hypoplasia in calves infected with BVS. Schmallenberg Virus. Parvovirus in kittens

Question 7

Hairy-shaker disease

Answer 7

Damaged cerebellum which causes a wide stance and thin hair

Question 8

Corn Lilly

Answer 8

Toxic plant that causes cyclopia in lambs when dam ingests it 12-14 days of gestation

Question 9

Cleft Palate

Answer 9

Failure of fusion of the hard palate

Question 10

Griseofulvin

Answer 10

Ringworm treatment that can cause malformations in kittens if given to pregnant queens

Question 11

Estrogen and Actinomycin D

Answer 11

Drugs that can cause malformations in offspring if given to pregnant dam

Question 12

Copper Deficiency

Answer 12

Type of nutritional deficiency that causes the degeneration of white matter in the brain/spinal cord of pre/neonatal lambs/kids

Question 13

Swayback

Answer 13

Congenital form of a copper deficiency. More severe lesion in lambs affected prenatally

Question 14

Ataxia

Answer 14

Meaning without coordination

Question 15

Enzootic Ataxia

Answer 15

Form of copper deficiency with a 6 month onset delay. This is due to demyelination of DL/VM white matter tracts of the spinal cord

Question 16

Anoxia

Answer 16

Lack of oxygen during gestation

Question 17

Spina Bifida

Answer 17

Vertebral arch fails to close causing herniation of the meninges and spinal cord

Question 18

Meningomyelocoele

Answer 18

Severe form of spina bifida

Question 19

Arthrogryposis

Answer 19

Skeletal malformation of fixed joints

Question 20

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 20

4 abnormalities occurring in the heart together

Question 21

Hypertrophy

Answer 21

Change in size

Question 22

Hyperplasia

Answer 22

Increase in cell number

Question 23

Metaplasia

Answer 23

Change in cell type

Question 24

Atrophy

Answer 24

Decrease in size of cells or organ after said organ has reached its normal size

Question 25

Atrophy Aetiology

Answer 25

inadequate cellular nutrition

Question 26

Hypertrophy

Answer 26

Increase in size of cells or organs

Question 27

Functional hypertrophy

Answer 27

Due to an increased physiological need

Question 28

Compensatory Hypertrophy

Answer 28

Occurs when one of the paired organs is damaged or lost

Question 29

Obstructional Hypertrophy

Answer 29

When hollow organs become thickened around an obstruction

Question 30

Hormone-Mediated Hypertrophy

Answer 30

The result of anabolic steroids production, increase of protein synthesis within muscles. Commonly seen in older cats

Question 31

Hypoplasia

Answer 31

Reduction in size of cells or tissues due to failure to grow to normal size

Question 32

Aplasia and Agenesis

Answer 32

Complete absence of tissue, referring to the gross appearance

Question 33

Hyperplasia

Answer 33

Increase in the number of cells

Question 34

Tissue types that metaplasia occurs in

Answer 34

Connective tissue (cartilage and bone) and epithelium

Question 35

Dysplasia

Answer 35

Abnormal growth within a tissue, losing its normal arrangement and pattern

Question 36

Schmallenberg Virus

Answer 36

Affects neurons in the brain. Fetus cannot move in the uterus, causing fixation of the legs and underdeveloped muscled

Question 37

Anencephaly

Answer 37

An absence of brain

Question 38

Anaplasia

Answer 38

Irreversible loss of cellular differentiation with return to a more primitive state. Highly malignant tumors resulting in no pattern.