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Reproductive Physiology (Livestock) > Male Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Name the male reproductive anatomy associated with being the “High Speed Manufacturing” unit

A

The testes

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2
Q

Name the portion of the male reproductive anatomy associated with being a “finishing shop”

A

Head and body of the epididymis

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3
Q

Name the part of the male reproductive anatomy associated with being “warehouse and shipping”

A

The tail of the epididymis

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4
Q

Name the portion of the male reproductive anatomy associated with being “final alterations and packing”

A

The accessory sex glands

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5
Q

The “delivery system” of the male reproductive anatomy is what?

A

The penis

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6
Q

Name the six basic components of the male reproductive tract

A
  1. Spermatic cord
  2. Scrotum
  3. Testes
  4. Excurrent duct system
  5. Accessory sex glands
  6. Penis and muscles
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7
Q

Name the four layers of the scrotum

A
  1. Skin
  2. Tunica dartos
  3. Scrotal fascia
  4. Parietal vaginal tunic
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8
Q

What are the functions of the spermatic cord?

A
  1. Provide vascular, lymphatic, and neural connection to the body
  2. Provide heat exchange
  3. To house the cremaster muscle, ductus deferens, and pampiniform plexus
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9
Q

What is the spermatozoal production in mammals, for both testes in a normal male, per day? Per second?

A

1-25 billion per day, or 35k-200k spermatozoa per second

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10
Q

The testicular capsule is composed of what two layers?

A
  1. The visceral vaginal tunic
  2. Tunica albuginea (connective tissue capsule)
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11
Q

The interior surfaces of the tunica albuginea and the surfaces of the septal divisions forming the lobules (within the testis) are called what?

A

The tunica vasculosa

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12
Q

Where, specifically, are rete tubules located within the testis?

A

Within the mediastinum

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13
Q

What is the name of the tiny channels through which spermatozoa are transported out of the testis?

A

Rete tubules

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14
Q

What is the name of the highly convoluted loops found within the parenchyma of the testis?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

What are the two portions of the seminiferous tubules?

A
  1. The convoluted portion, “tubulus contortus”
  2. The straight portion, “rectus” (joins the rete tubule)
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16
Q

Where does spermatogenis primarily take place?

A

In the tubulus contortus of the seminiferous tubules, within the parenchyma of the testis

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17
Q

What are the two layers of the seminiferous tubule and what is the tubule surrounded by?

A

The two layers are the 1. Basement membrane, and 2. Seminiferous (germinal) epithelium.

The tubule is surrounded by contractile peritubular cells.

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18
Q

The testicular parenchyma consists of what?

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules
  2. Interstitial cells of Leydig
  3. Capillaries
  4. Lymphatic vessels
  5. Connective tissues
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19
Q

The four compartments of the testis are (from deep to superficial)?

A
  1. Interstitial compartment
  2. Basal compartment
  3. Deep adluminal compartment
  4. Peripheral adluminal compartment
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20
Q

Describe what happens in the basal compartment, in regards to spermatogenisis

A

Formation of spermatozoa in the seminiferous epithelium starts near the basement membrane.

This is where a SPERMATOGONIUM DIVIDES to form other spermatogonia and eventually PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES.

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21
Q

Describe what happens within the deep adluminal compartment of the testis, in regards to spermatogenesis. How did they get there from the basal compartment?

A

Primary spermatocytes move to the deep adluminal compartment from the basal compartment through the TIGHT JUNCTIONS between SERTOLI CELLS.

The primary spermatocytes divides to form SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES and then SPHERICAL SPERMATIDS.

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22
Q

Spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and spherical spermatids all develop where?

A

They all develop in the SPACE BETWEEN 2+ SERTOLI CELLS and are in contact with them.

23
Q

What happens within the peripheral adluminal compartment, in regards to spermatogenesis?

A

While the spermatic nucleus elongates the spermatocytes are repositioned by the Sertoli cells to become imbedded in long pockets in the cytoplasm of a single Sertoli cell.

When the spermatocytes are eventually released as SPERMATOZOON, a major portion of the cytoplasm of each spermatid will remain, encased within a pocket of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm, known as the CYTOPLASMIC DROPLET.

24
Q

The parenchyma is divided into which two compartments?

A
  1. Interstitial compartment
  2. Tubular compartment
25
Q

The tubular compartment of the parenchyma consists of what?

A

The seminiferous tubules and all the cells and materials inside them

26
Q

The interstitial compartment of the parenchyma consists of what?

A

All the cells and materials outside of the seminiferous tubules; blood vessels, connective tissue, lymphatics, nerves, and interstitial cells of Leydig.

27
Q

The excurrent duct system consists of what?

A
  1. Efferent ducts
  2. Epididymis duct
  3. Ductus deferens
28
Q

Efferent ducts converge into what single duct?

A

The epididymal duct

29
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A
  1. Environment for final maturation of spermatozoa
  2. Allows for acquisition of motility and potential fertility
  3. Storage reservoir
30
Q

What are the distinct regions of the epididymis?

A
  1. Head
  2. Body
  3. Tail
31
Q

Define ‘epididymal transit time’ and give time required (in days) for passage of spermatozoa through the epididymal duct for a bull.

A

Epididymal transit time is the time required to transport spermatozoa from the proximal head to the distal tail of the epididymis.

ETT for a bull is: 2 days in the head, 2 days in the body, and 10 days in the tail, for a total of 14 days ETT.

32
Q

As spermatozoa enter the efferent ducts and epididymal duct, their concentration is ____#1_____ because they are diluted in ___#2____

A
  1. LOW
  2. RETE FLUID
33
Q

Between the proximal head of the epididymis and efferent ducts, what happens to rete fluid?

A

Rete fluid is absorbed by the epithelium of the efferent ducts and proximal head of the epididymis and spermatozoa are concentrated immensely in the tail of the epididymis.

34
Q

The spermatozoal content of the epididymal duct, ductus deferens, and ampulla are called what?

A

Extragonadal Reserves (EGR)

35
Q

Which portion of the epididymis contains spermatozoa eligible for ejaculation?

A

The DISTAL TAIL of the epididymis

36
Q

Spermatozoa entering the head of the epididymis possess what, located near the base of the head of the spermatozoa?

A

A PROXIMAL cytoplasmic droplet

37
Q

Spermatozoa in the tail of the epididymis possess what, located further down on the tail of the spermatozoa?

A

A DISTAL cytoplasmic droplet

38
Q

What happens to the distal cytoplasmic droplet, normally?

A

The distal cytoplasmic droplet is normally lost in the distal tail of the epididymis or during ejaculation.

39
Q

The head of the epididymis is subdivided into what two parts?

A
  1. Proximal head
  2. Distal head
40
Q

The proximal head of the epididymis does what?

A

The proximal head REABSORBS RETE FLUID

41
Q

What does the distal head of the epididymis do?

A

The distal head SECRETES FLUID into the lumen of the epididymal duct and ADDS PROTEINS AND OTHER MOLECULES.

42
Q

Describe spermatozoal characteristics within the head of the epididymis

A

Spermatozoa are:

  1. Not motile
  2. Not fertile
  3. Have a proximal cytoplasmic droplet
43
Q

Describe spermatozoal characteristics within the body of the epididymis

A

Spermatozoa:

  1. Have some motility after dilution
  2. Have some expression of fertility
  3. Have a translocating cytoplasmic droplet
  4. Can bind to oocytes
44
Q

Describe spermatozoal characteristics within the tail of the epididymis

A

Spermatozoa:

  1. Are motile
  2. Are fertile
  3. Have a distal cytoplasmic droplet
  4. Can bind to ooctyes
45
Q

Seminal plasma is produced by these (5)

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. Ampulla
  3. Vesicular glands
  4. Prostate gland
  5. Bulbourethral glands
46
Q

The two types of prostate gland are

A
  1. CORPUS prostate (outside the urethralis muscle)
  2. DISSEMINATE prostate (the glandular tissue is distributed along the dorsal and lateral walls of the pelvic urethra)
47
Q

In species with a fibroelastic penis, how is the penis made erect and retracted?

A

The SIGMOID FLEXURE, an S-shaped configuration along the shaft of the penis, and maintained by a pair of smooth muscles (retractor penis muscles) which are attached between the coccygeal vertebrae and ventrolateral sides of the penis.

When contracted the retractor penis muscle holds the penis inside the sheath, within the body. When relaxed, the penis protrudes from the sheath/body.

48
Q

Describe and locate the bulbourethral glands

A

Paired glands on either side of the pelvic urethra near the ischial arch

49
Q

Describe and locate the vesicular glands

A

Paired glands that are dorsocranial to the pelvic urethra.

They empty their secretions directly into the pelvic urethra (separate from the openings of the ampullae).

50
Q

Describe and locate the ampullae

A

The ampullae are enlargements of the ductus deferens and they open directly into the pelvic urethra (separate from the openings of the vesicular glands).

51
Q

Why are the ampullae enlarged?

A

The enlargement of the ampullae is the result of a dramatic increase in mucosa. The mucosa of the ampulla forms pockets.

52
Q

The noncellular portion of semen is called what

A

Seminal plasma

53
Q

Copulatory organ

A

Penis

54
Q

The penis is composed of what three parts

A
  1. Base
  2. Shaft
  3. Glans penis

Reproductive Physiology (Livestock) (1 decks)

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