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physiology > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Male reproductive hormone synthesised in the preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus?

A

GnRH

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2
Q

Function of GnRH?

A

Stimulation of gondotrophs in anterior pituitary-release of FSH, LH

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3
Q

Male reproductive hormones secreted in anterior pituitary?

A

FSH and LH

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4
Q

Source of FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotrophs of anterior pituitary

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5
Q

What factor differentiates TSH, LH, hCG, FSH synthesis?

A

Beta subunit; alpha subunit

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6
Q

Hormones that are glycoproteins?

A

LH, FSH, hCG, TSH

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7
Q

Site of action of LH?

A

Leydig cells in interstitium of testis

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8
Q

Function of LH?

A

Production of a regulatory protein-stimulation of formation of testosterone and DHT in leydig cells

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9
Q

Site of action of FSH?

A

Sertoli cell

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10
Q

Function of FSH?

A
  1. Stimulates secretion of androgen binding protein in Sertoli cell;
  2. growth factors
  3. Stimulates synthesis of mullerian inhibiting factor by Sertoli cells;
  4. Stimulation of inhibin release;
  5. and aromatase–>T->estradiol
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11
Q

What factor is required for negative feedback regulation of FSH vs. LH?

A

FSH-inhibin

LH-testosterone

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12
Q

How does testosterone regulate HPG axis?

A

Negative feedback of LH from pituitary

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13
Q

How does inhibin regulate HPG axis?

A

Negative feedback inhibition of FSH

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14
Q

Circulating form of testosterone in blood?

A

Bound to protein (globulin)

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15
Q

Potent form of testosterone?

A

DHT

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16
Q

Enzyme required for conversion of testosterone to DHT?

A

5 alpha reductase

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17
Q

Function of 5 alpha reductase?

A

Conversion of testosterone to DHT (more potent form)

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18
Q

Functions of DHT?

A

Development of male external genitalia;

Prostate enlargement;

Male pattern baldness;

NO synthase formation in penile tissue

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19
Q

Hormone required for erection?

A

DHT; formation of nitric oxide synthase that synthesises NO for relaxation of penile tissue

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20
Q

Hormone involved in growth of prostate?

A

DHT

21
Q

Hormone responsible for increased activity of sebaceous glands in males?

A

DHT

22
Q

Function of aromatase in Sertoli cells?

A

Conversion of testosterone to estradiol required for growth and maturation of sperm

23
Q

Conversion of testosterone to estradiol in Sertoli cells is stimulated by?

A

Aromatase

24
Q

Hormone required for aromatase stimulation?

A

FSH

25
Q

Hormones required for production of growth factors in Sertoli cells?

A

FSH and testosterone

26
Q

Hormones required for maintenance of high local levels of testosterone in Sertoli cells?

A

Testosterone and FSH

27
Q

Types of adrenal androgens?

A

DHEA and androstenedione

28
Q

Potency of androgens in increasing order: testosterone, DHT and adrenal androgens?

A

Adrenal androgens

29
Q

Sites of aromatase enzyme production in males?

A

Adipose cells-> peripheral conversion

Sertolic cells->growth and maturation of sperms

30
Q

Ages during which testosterone and LH levels are high?

A

Fetal life and adulthood

31
Q

Ages during which testosterone and LH are low?

A

Childhood and ageing adult (only testosterone is low)

32
Q

Changes in LH and testosterone during puberty?

A

Increased amplitude of LH pulses (during sleep) -> increased LH; increasing testosterone

33
Q

Changes in LH and Testosterone during childhood?

A

Low levels of both

34
Q

Changes in LH and testosterone during adulthood?

A

Increased LH secretion drives testosterone secretion

35
Q

Changes in LH and Testosterone in an ageing adult?

A

Testosterone production decrease; LH production remains high due to loss of feedback inhibition

36
Q

Effect of androgens on muscle mass?

A

Increased; decreased breakdown of protein and increased synthesis of protein

37
Q

Cause of infertility in cryptorchid testes?

A

Spermatogenesis is temperature dependant; ceases at temperatures of abdominal cavity

38
Q

Cooling mechanism of testes?

A
  1. Countercurrent heat exchanger in spermatic cord

2. Contraction/ relaxation of cremastric muscle and scrotal skin rugae

39
Q

Effect on FSH and LH in cryptorchid testes?

A

Elevated

40
Q

Cause of elevated FSH and LH in cryptorchid testes?

A

Cryptorchid testes-> temperature elevated-> dysfunction of Sertoli and leydig cells-> loss of inhibition to FSH and LH

41
Q

Consequence of testosterone deficiency in 2nd -3rd month of gestation?

A

Male pseudointersexuality/ambiguity in male genitalia

42
Q

Consequence of testosterone deficiency in 3rd trimester?

A

Cryptorchidism and micropenis

43
Q

Consequence of testosterone deficiency in puberty?

A

Lacking male external genitalia

44
Q

Consequence of testosterone deficiency in post pubertal age?

A

Decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, decrease in facial and body growth hair, low energy and infertility

45
Q

Age of testosterone deficiency if varying degrees of ambiguity in male external genitalia/male pseudointersexuality?

A

1st trimester

46
Q

Age of testosterone deficiency if micropenis and Cryptorchidism present?

A

3rd trimester

47
Q

Age of testosterone deficiency if male external genitalia lacking?

A

Pubertal testosterone deficiency

48
Q

Age of testosterone deficiency if decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, decreased facial and body hair and low energy?

A

Post pubertal

49
Q

Location of synthesis of GnRH?

A

Preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

physiology (4 decks)

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