Male Reproductive system

Question 1

bulbourethral glands are also known as and location

Answer 1

Cowper glands , near the origin of the urethra

Question 2

testes are composed of

Answer 2

900 coiled seminiferous tubules

Question 3

spermatogenesis occur in and entire period takes how many days

Answer 3

seminiferous tubules , 74 days

Question 4

from where contents come in ejaculatory ducts

Answer 4

ampulla , seminal vesicle and prostatic ducts

Question 5

of which content / s drain in internal urethra and then in prostatic urethra

Answer 5

ampulla and seminal vesicle , of prostatic glands in latter

Question 6

leydig cells function and which hormone stimulates these

Answer 6

to release testosterone , LH

Question 7

sertoli cells function and what stimulates this hormone ?

Answer 7

spermatogenesis and produce inhibin , FSH and testosterone

Question 8

in female inhibin is released from and function in both

Answer 8

granulosa cells , inhibition of release of FSH from ant pituitary

Question 9

pineal gland functions

Answer 9

controls sexual activity and reproduction in seasonal fertility in some animals , some in humans as well , release melatonin , highest at night , circadian rhythm , no role in skin color

Question 10

erectile dysfunction / impotence by vascuar disease is treated with and effect

Answer 10

phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE-5) such as sildenafil (Viagra) , Vardenafil (Levitra ) or Tadalafil ( Cialis ) , these increase the cyclic GMP levels in erectile tissue to cause erection by inhibiting PDE-5 , which rapidly degrades cGMP .

Question 11

alpha MSH role and derived from

Answer 11

appetite regulation , ACTH 1/30th part

Question 12

cortisol functions and other name

Answer 12

stress hormone , anti-inflammatory role , suppress immunity thus as immunosuppressent drugs or anti-rejection drugs for transplanted organs , RBCs increase , gluconeogenesis , adrenal diabetes , vasocontriction

Question 13

aldosterone ( mineralocorticoid ) secretion is regulated by and which adrenal layer or zone

Answer 13

potassium and angiotensin 2 , directly act on adrenocortical cells , zona glomerulosa

Question 14

cortisol ( glucocorticoid ) secretion is regulated by and zone

Answer 14

ACTH of ant. pituitary , fasiculata zone

Question 15

CRH ( Coricotrophin Releasing hormone ) secreting cell bodies of neurons are located in which nucleus of hypothalamus and is stimulated by and released in and to

Answer 15

PVN stimulates from limbic system and lower brain stem , released in hypophyseal portal system to ant. pituitary

Question 16

second messenger system signal relation with adrenocortical hormones and recall whole process ( guyton P no 967 )

Answer 16

ACTH actiavtes adrentocortical cells to produce steroids by increasing cAMP .

Question 17

mechanism of glucocorticoid / cotisol modulation / regulation , by which enzyme , isoforms ,

Answer 17

11-beta HSD ( hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ) , 2 that is 1 and 2

Question 18

11-beta HSD2 is present in , function / role

Answer 18

renal tubules , colon , sweat glands , salivary glands and placenta , converts active cortisol into inactive cortisone at pre-receptor level and protects the mineralocorticoid receptor from activation

Question 19

11-beta HSD2 is deficient in which 2 diseases and causes and 3 effects

Answer 19

Apparent mineralocortcoid excess syndrome ( mutations or excess licorice ingeston ) or Cushing syndrome (high cortisol levels ) and high cortisol levels activates the MC receptors and cause sodium retention , hypertension and hypokalemia , dec the glucocorticoid effects

Question 20

11-beta HSD1 location , effect / role

Answer 20

liver , brain , adipose tissue ,skeletal muscle , lung , skin , converts inactive cotisone to active cortisol , thus it amplifies glucocorticoid effects

Question 21

increased 11-beta HSD1 activity leads to

Answer 21

metabolic abnormalities , as insulin resistance , diabetes and obesity , dementia .

Question 22

Anti-inflammatory effect of high cortisol , mechanism / steps / effects

Answer 22

1. Cortisol stabilizes lysosomal membranes thus reducing release of proteolytic enzymes that stimulate inflammation . 2. decreases capillary permeability thus prevents loss of plasma . 3. decreases migration of WBCs and phagocytosis results from diminshed formation of Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes and causes vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow as well 4. suppresses immune system by decreasing T-lymphoctes and antibodies . 5 . decreases fever by reducing release of Interleukin-1 (the excitant of hypothalamus temp. control system ) thus decreased temp reduces the vasodilation .